Kirchhoff’s law algorithm (KLA): a novel physics-inspired non-parametric metaheuristic algorithm for optimization problems

This research introduces Kirchhoff’s Law Algorithm (KLA), a novel optimization method inspired by electrical circuit laws, particularly Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL). The KLA is evaluated using real-parameter test functions including CEC-2005, 2014, and 2017, comparing its performance with several e...

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Published in:	The Artificial intelligence review Vol. 58; no. 10; p. 325
Main Authors:	Ghasemi, Mojtaba, Khodadadi, Nima, Trojovský, Pavel, Li, Li, Mansor, Zulkefli, Abualigah, Laith, Alharbi, Amal H., El-Kenawy, El-Sayed M.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 26.07.2025 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Algorithms Artificial Intelligence Behavior Benchmarks Chemical reactions Circuits Computer engineering Computer Science Convergence Genetic algorithms Heuristic methods Law Methodological problems Multiculturalism & pluralism Novels Optimization Optimization algorithms Parameters Physics Power supply Search process Simplicity Kirchhoff’s Law Algorithm (KLA) Engineering problems Optimization Optimal engineering design
ISSN:	1573-7462, 0269-2821, 1573-7462
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Abstract	This research introduces Kirchhoff’s Law Algorithm (KLA), a novel optimization method inspired by electrical circuit laws, particularly Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL). The KLA is evaluated using real-parameter test functions including CEC-2005, 2014, and 2017, comparing its performance with several established algorithms. Results from real-parameter and constrained benchmark functions affirm KLA’s accuracy and convergence rate superiority compared to other algorithms. Notably, when applied to the CEC-2005 benchmarks with dimensions ranging from 30 to 100, KLA demonstrates a remarkable ability to maintain population diversity throughout the search process within a feasible search space. Based on the average rank criteria, KLA consistently outperforms other algorithms despite its simplicity and lack of control parameters (aside from population size). This inherent simplicity makes KLA easy to use as-is, adaptable, and compatible with other optimization techniques. The source codes of the KLA algorithm are publicly available at https://nimakhodadadi.com/algorithms-%2B-codes .
AbstractList	This research introduces Kirchhoff’s Law Algorithm (KLA), a novel optimization method inspired by electrical circuit laws, particularly Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL). The KLA is evaluated using real-parameter test functions including CEC-2005, 2014, and 2017, comparing its performance with several established algorithms. Results from real-parameter and constrained benchmark functions affirm KLA’s accuracy and convergence rate superiority compared to other algorithms. Notably, when applied to the CEC-2005 benchmarks with dimensions ranging from 30 to 100, KLA demonstrates a remarkable ability to maintain population diversity throughout the search process within a feasible search space. Based on the average rank criteria, KLA consistently outperforms other algorithms despite its simplicity and lack of control parameters (aside from population size). This inherent simplicity makes KLA easy to use as-is, adaptable, and compatible with other optimization techniques. The source codes of the KLA algorithm are publicly available at https://nimakhodadadi.com/algorithms-%2B-codes. This research introduces Kirchhoff’s Law Algorithm (KLA), a novel optimization method inspired by electrical circuit laws, particularly Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL). The KLA is evaluated using real-parameter test functions including CEC-2005, 2014, and 2017, comparing its performance with several established algorithms. Results from real-parameter and constrained benchmark functions affirm KLA’s accuracy and convergence rate superiority compared to other algorithms. Notably, when applied to the CEC-2005 benchmarks with dimensions ranging from 30 to 100, KLA demonstrates a remarkable ability to maintain population diversity throughout the search process within a feasible search space. Based on the average rank criteria, KLA consistently outperforms other algorithms despite its simplicity and lack of control parameters (aside from population size). This inherent simplicity makes KLA easy to use as-is, adaptable, and compatible with other optimization techniques. The source codes of the KLA algorithm are publicly available at https://nimakhodadadi.com/algorithms-%2B-codes .
ArticleNumber	325
Author	Mansor, Zulkefli Trojovský, Pavel Alharbi, Amal H. Li, Li Ghasemi, Mojtaba Abualigah, Laith Khodadadi, Nima El-Kenawy, El-Sayed M.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Mojtaba surname: Ghasemi fullname: Ghasemi, Mojtaba organization: Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: Nima surname: Khodadadi fullname: Khodadadi, Nima email: Nima.khodadadi@miami.edu organization: Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami – sequence: 3 givenname: Pavel surname: Trojovský fullname: Trojovský, Pavel organization: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové – sequence: 4 givenname: Li surname: Li fullname: Li, Li organization: Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology – sequence: 5 givenname: Zulkefli surname: Mansor fullname: Mansor, Zulkefli organization: Centre for Software Technology and Management, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia – sequence: 6 givenname: Laith surname: Abualigah fullname: Abualigah, Laith organization: Computer Science Department, Al Al-Bayt University – sequence: 7 givenname: Amal H. surname: Alharbi fullname: Alharbi, Amal H. organization: Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University – sequence: 8 givenname: El-Sayed M. surname: El-Kenawy fullname: El-Kenawy, El-Sayed M. organization: School of ICT, Faculty of Engineering, Design and Information & Communications Technology (EDICT), Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University
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Snippet	This research introduces Kirchhoff’s Law Algorithm (KLA), a novel optimization method inspired by electrical circuit laws, particularly Kirchhoff’s Current Law...
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SubjectTerms	Algorithms Artificial Intelligence Behavior Benchmarks Chemical reactions Circuits Computer engineering Computer Science Convergence Genetic algorithms Heuristic methods Law Methodological problems Multiculturalism & pluralism Novels Optimization Optimization algorithms Parameters Physics Power supply Search process Simplicity
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Title	Kirchhoff’s law algorithm (KLA): a novel physics-inspired non-parametric metaheuristic algorithm for optimization problems
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