Can a domain-specific language improve program structure comprehension of data pipelines? A mixed-methods study

In many application domains, domain-specific languages can allow domain experts to contribute to collaborative projects more correctly and efficiently. To do so, they must be able to understand program structure from reading existing source code. With high-quality data becoming an increasingly impor...

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Vydané v:	Empirical software engineering : an international journal Ročník 31; číslo 1; s. 17
Hlavní autori:	Heltweg, Philip, Schwarz, Georg-Daniel, Riehle, Dirk
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	New York Springer US 01.02.2026 Springer Nature B.V
Predmet:	Anniversaries Collaboration Compilers Computer Science Domain specific languages Engineering Experiments Human factors Interpreters Libraries Mixed methods research Open data Performance evaluation Pipes Programming Languages Python Rank tests Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems Source code Students Subject specialists Program comprehension Data engineering Domain-specific languages Data pipelines Mixed-methods study Open data
ISSN:	1382-3256, 1573-7616
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Abstract	In many application domains, domain-specific languages can allow domain experts to contribute to collaborative projects more correctly and efficiently. To do so, they must be able to understand program structure from reading existing source code. With high-quality data becoming an increasingly important resource, the creation of data pipelines is an important application domain for domain-specific languages. We execute a mixed-method study consisting of a controlled experiment and a follow-up descriptive survey among the participants to understand the effects of a domain-specific language on bottom-up program understanding and generate hypotheses for future research. During the experiment, participants ( ) need the same time (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, , , RBC = .093) to solve program structure comprehension tasks, but submit significantly more correct solutions (McNemar’s test, , , OR = 4.8) when using the domain-specific language. In the descriptive survey, participants describe reasons related to the programming language itself, such as a better pipeline overview, more enforced code structure, and a closer alignment to the mental model of a data pipeline. In addition, human factors such as less required programming experience and the ability to reuse experience from other data engineering tools are discussed. Based on these results, domain-specific languages are a promising tool for creating data pipelines that can increase correct understanding of program structure and lower barriers to entry for domain experts. Open questions exist to make more informed implementation decisions for domain-specific languages for data pipelines in the future.
AbstractList	In many application domains, domain-specific languages can allow domain experts to contribute to collaborative projects more correctly and efficiently. To do so, they must be able to understand program structure from reading existing source code. With high-quality data becoming an increasingly important resource, the creation of data pipelines is an important application domain for domain-specific languages. We execute a mixed-method study consisting of a controlled experiment and a follow-up descriptive survey among the participants to understand the effects of a domain-specific language on bottom-up program understanding and generate hypotheses for future research. During the experiment, participants () need the same time (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, , , RBC = .093) to solve program structure comprehension tasks, but submit significantly more correct solutions (McNemar’s test, , , OR = 4.8) when using the domain-specific language. In the descriptive survey, participants describe reasons related to the programming language itself, such as a better pipeline overview, more enforced code structure, and a closer alignment to the mental model of a data pipeline. In addition, human factors such as less required programming experience and the ability to reuse experience from other data engineering tools are discussed. Based on these results, domain-specific languages are a promising tool for creating data pipelines that can increase correct understanding of program structure and lower barriers to entry for domain experts. Open questions exist to make more informed implementation decisions for domain-specific languages for data pipelines in the future. In many application domains, domain-specific languages can allow domain experts to contribute to collaborative projects more correctly and efficiently. To do so, they must be able to understand program structure from reading existing source code. With high-quality data becoming an increasingly important resource, the creation of data pipelines is an important application domain for domain-specific languages. We execute a mixed-method study consisting of a controlled experiment and a follow-up descriptive survey among the participants to understand the effects of a domain-specific language on bottom-up program understanding and generate hypotheses for future research. During the experiment, participants ( ) need the same time (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, , , RBC = .093) to solve program structure comprehension tasks, but submit significantly more correct solutions (McNemar’s test, , , OR = 4.8) when using the domain-specific language. In the descriptive survey, participants describe reasons related to the programming language itself, such as a better pipeline overview, more enforced code structure, and a closer alignment to the mental model of a data pipeline. In addition, human factors such as less required programming experience and the ability to reuse experience from other data engineering tools are discussed. Based on these results, domain-specific languages are a promising tool for creating data pipelines that can increase correct understanding of program structure and lower barriers to entry for domain experts. Open questions exist to make more informed implementation decisions for domain-specific languages for data pipelines in the future. In many application domains, domain-specific languages can allow domain experts to contribute to collaborative projects more correctly and efficiently. To do so, they must be able to understand program structure from reading existing source code. With high-quality data becoming an increasingly important resource, the creation of data pipelines is an important application domain for domain-specific languages. We execute a mixed-method study consisting of a controlled experiment and a follow-up descriptive survey among the participants to understand the effects of a domain-specific language on bottom-up program understanding and generate hypotheses for future research. During the experiment, participants ( $$n=57$$ ) need the same time (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, $$W = 750$$ , $$p =.546$$ , RBC = .093) to solve program structure comprehension tasks, but submit significantly more correct solutions (McNemar’s test, $$\chi ^{2}_{1} = 11.17$$ , $$p = <.001$$ , OR = 4.8) when using the domain-specific language. In the descriptive survey, participants describe reasons related to the programming language itself, such as a better pipeline overview, more enforced code structure, and a closer alignment to the mental model of a data pipeline. In addition, human factors such as less required programming experience and the ability to reuse experience from other data engineering tools are discussed. Based on these results, domain-specific languages are a promising tool for creating data pipelines that can increase correct understanding of program structure and lower barriers to entry for domain experts. Open questions exist to make more informed implementation decisions for domain-specific languages for data pipelines in the future.
ArticleNumber	17
Author	Schwarz, Georg-Daniel Heltweg, Philip Riehle, Dirk
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Snippet	In many application domains, domain-specific languages can allow domain experts to contribute to collaborative projects more correctly and efficiently. To do...
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SubjectTerms	Anniversaries Collaboration Compilers Computer Science Domain specific languages Engineering Experiments Human factors Interpreters Libraries Mixed methods research Open data Performance evaluation Pipes Programming Languages Python Rank tests Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems Source code Students Subject specialists
Title	Can a domain-specific language improve program structure comprehension of data pipelines? A mixed-methods study
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