Cognitive differences between readers attentive and inattentive to task-related information: an eye-tracking study

PurposeAttentive to task-related information is the prerequisite for task completion. Comparing the cognition between attentive readers (AR) and inattentive readers (IAR) is of great value for improving reading services which has seldom been studied. To explore their cognitive differences, this stud...

Celý popis

Uloženo v:
Podrobná bibliografie
Vydáno v:Aslib journal of information management Ročník 75; číslo 5; s. 917 - 939
Hlavní autoři: Chen, Jing, Zhang, Lu, Qian, Wenhai
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Bradford Emerald Publishing Limited 30.08.2023
Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Témata:
ISSN:2050-3806, 1758-3748
On-line přístup:Získat plný text
Tagy: Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
Abstract PurposeAttentive to task-related information is the prerequisite for task completion. Comparing the cognition between attentive readers (AR) and inattentive readers (IAR) is of great value for improving reading services which has seldom been studied. To explore their cognitive differences, this study investigates the effectiveness, efficiency and cognitive resource allocation strategy by eye-tracking technology.Design/methodology/approachA controlled user study of two types of task, fact-finding (FF) and content understanding (CU) tasks was conducted to collect data including answer for task, fixation duration (FD), fixation count (FC), fixation duration proportion (FDP), and fixation count proportion (FCP). 24 participants were placed into AR or IAR group according to their fixation duration on paragraphs related to task.FindingsTwo types of cognitive resource allocation strategies, question-oriented (QO) and navigation-assistant (NA) were identified according to the differences in FDP and FCP. In FF task, although QO strategy was applied by the two groups, AR group was significantly more effective and efficient. In CU task, although the two groups were similar in effectiveness and efficiency, AR group promoted their strategies to NA while IAR group sticked to applying QO strategy. Furthermore, an interesting phenomenon “win by uncertainty”, which implies IAR group may get correct answer through uncertain means, such as clue, domain knowledge or guess, rather than task-related information, was observed.Originality/valueThis study takes a deep insight into cognition from the prospect of attentive and inattentive to task-related information. Identifying indicators about cognition helps to distinguish attentive and inattentive readers in various tasks automatically. The cognitive resource allocation strategy applied by readers sheds new light on reading skill training. A typical reading phenomenon “win by uncertainty” was found and defined. Understanding the phenomenon is of great value for satisfying reader information need and enhancing their deep learning.
AbstractList PurposeAttentive to task-related information is the prerequisite for task completion. Comparing the cognition between attentive readers (AR) and inattentive readers (IAR) is of great value for improving reading services which has seldom been studied. To explore their cognitive differences, this study investigates the effectiveness, efficiency and cognitive resource allocation strategy by eye-tracking technology.Design/methodology/approachA controlled user study of two types of task, fact-finding (FF) and content understanding (CU) tasks was conducted to collect data including answer for task, fixation duration (FD), fixation count (FC), fixation duration proportion (FDP), and fixation count proportion (FCP). 24 participants were placed into AR or IAR group according to their fixation duration on paragraphs related to task.FindingsTwo types of cognitive resource allocation strategies, question-oriented (QO) and navigation-assistant (NA) were identified according to the differences in FDP and FCP. In FF task, although QO strategy was applied by the two groups, AR group was significantly more effective and efficient. In CU task, although the two groups were similar in effectiveness and efficiency, AR group promoted their strategies to NA while IAR group sticked to applying QO strategy. Furthermore, an interesting phenomenon “win by uncertainty”, which implies IAR group may get correct answer through uncertain means, such as clue, domain knowledge or guess, rather than task-related information, was observed.Originality/valueThis study takes a deep insight into cognition from the prospect of attentive and inattentive to task-related information. Identifying indicators about cognition helps to distinguish attentive and inattentive readers in various tasks automatically. The cognitive resource allocation strategy applied by readers sheds new light on reading skill training. A typical reading phenomenon “win by uncertainty” was found and defined. Understanding the phenomenon is of great value for satisfying reader information need and enhancing their deep learning.
Author Qian, Wenhai
Zhang, Lu
Chen, Jing
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Jing
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6444-2962
  surname: Chen
  fullname: Chen, Jing
  email: jchen@mail.ccnu.edu.cn
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Lu
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9426-2607
  surname: Zhang
  fullname: Zhang, Lu
  email: 1124055408@qq.com
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Wenhai
  surname: Qian
  fullname: Qian, Wenhai
  email: qianwenhai0310@163.com
BookMark eNp9kctKAzEUhoMoWGsfwN2A62guc0ncleKlUnGj65DMnJT0kqlJqvTtnWkFUcTVIZzvS37-nKFj33pA6IKSK0qJuB4_Tp8woZgRxjAhpDpCA1oVAvMqF8dowEhBMBekPEWjGBcdQRnlhSwHKEzauXfJvUPWOGshgK8hZgbSB4DPAugGQsx0SuD3lPZN5vz3ObVZ0nGJA6x0gn5n27DWybX-poMz2AFOQddL5-dZTNtmd45OrF5FGH3NIXq9u32ZPODZ8_10Mp7hmtM8YSNyaXgu66aqodKVLXKmS2pJbaiQkBshGQdjKk5MobngptSNZIWWTEppSz5El4d7N6F920JMatFug--eVEwUoiwEZz1VHag6tDEGsKp2aR-_S-1WihLVd6z6jhWhqu9Y9R13Jv1lboJb67D71yEHB9YQ9Kr5U_nxlfwTKwKQnw
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_3390_app15063308
Cites_doi 10.1037/0033-295X.87.4.329
10.1145/1835449.1835459
10.3758/s13414-020-01979-3
10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62699-0
10.1075/tcb.00058.zah
10.3758/BF03195487
10.1145/1242572.1242643
10.3724/SP.J.1042.2013.00589
10.1007/s11251-012-9218-5
10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.063
10.1016/j.ipm.2012.08.004
10.1145/3269206.3271764
10.1080/17470210902816461
10.1093/elt/XXXIII.4.304
10.17239/jowr-2013.05.01.6
10.1145/1240624.1240690
10.1111/opo.12854
10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.013
10.1080/0144929X.2010.523900
10.1207/s15326985ep3201_1
10.1145/1390334.1390401
10.1111/jade.12347
10.1145/1008992.1009079
10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.024
10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01476-5
10.1007/s10459-020-09971-0
10.1016/j.compedu.2011.07.012
10.1007/s10936-016-9418-2
10.1111/1467-9817.12374
10.1007/978-1-4612-2852-3_17
10.1111/1467-9280.00452
10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102403
10.1145/3204493.3204579
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Emerald Publishing Limited
Emerald Publishing Limited.
Copyright_xml – notice: Emerald Publishing Limited
– notice: Emerald Publishing Limited.
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
7WY
7WZ
7XB
8FE
8FG
ABUWG
AFKRA
ALSLI
ARAPS
AZQEC
BENPR
BEZIV
BGLVJ
CCPQU
CNYFK
DWQXO
E3H
F2A
F~G
GNUQQ
GUQSH
HCIFZ
K6~
L.-
M0C
M1O
M2O
MBDVC
P5Z
P62
PHGZM
PHGZT
PKEHL
PQBIZ
PQEST
PQGLB
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
PRQQA
Q9U
DOI 10.1108/AJIM-01-2022-0007
DatabaseName CrossRef
ABI/INFORM Collection - QC
ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only)
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Technology Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
Social Science Premium Collection
Advanced Technologies & Computer Science Collection
ProQuest Central Essentials - QC
ProQuest Central
Business Premium Collection
Technology Collection
ProQuest One Community College
Library & information science collection.
ProQuest Central
Library & Information Sciences Abstracts (LISA)
Library & Information Science Abstracts (LISA)
ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest Research Library
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest Business Collection
ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced
ABI/INFORM Global
Library Science Database (ProQuest)
Research Library (ProQuest)
Research Library (Corporate)
Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database
ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Business (UW System Shared)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
ProQuest One Academic (retired)
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
One Social Sciences
ProQuest Central Basic
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)
ProQuest One Business
Research Library Prep
ProQuest Central Student
Technology Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA)
ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central China
ABI/INFORM Complete
ProQuest Central
ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
ProQuest Library Science
ProQuest Central Korea
Library & Information Science Collection
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Central (New)
Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection
Business Premium Collection
Social Science Premium Collection
ABI/INFORM Global
ProQuest One Social Sciences
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Technology Collection
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Business Collection
Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
DatabaseTitleList
ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Library & Information Science
EISSN 1758-3748
EndPage 939
ExternalDocumentID 10_1108_AJIM_01_2022_0007
10.1108/AJIM-01-2022-0007
GroupedDBID .X0
0R~
1XV
3FY
5VS
9F-
AAGBP
AAMCF
AAOWE
AAPSD
AAUDR
ABEAN
ABHCV
ABIJV
ABSDC
ABYQI
ACGFS
ACHQT
ADOMW
AECCQ
AEDOK
AEMMR
AENEX
AETHF
AFKRA
AFNZV
AIAFM
AJEBP
AJFKA
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AODMV
APPLU
AUCOK
AZQEC
BGLVJ
BVLZF
CCPQU
EBS
FNNZZ
GEA
GEI
GQ.
H13
IPNFZ
JL0
KLENG
M42
O9-
PQBIZ
PQQKQ
PROAC
RIG
SCAQC
SDURG
SLOBJ
TEM
TGG
TMF
TMI
TMT
Z11
Z12
Z21
AAYXX
ABJNI
ABXQL
ACXJU
AFFHD
AHAFT
AHMHQ
CITATION
PHGZM
PHGZT
PQGLB
PRQQA
.DC
23N
5GY
6J9
70U
77I
77K
7WY
7XB
8FE
8FG
8FW
8R4
8R5
9E0
ABCQX
ABUFD
ABUWG
ACBMB
ACGFO
ADMHG
AEBZA
ALSLI
ARAPS
BENPR
BEZIV
BPHCQ
CNYFK
CS3
DWQXO
E3H
F2A
F5P
GEC
GMM
GMN
GNUQQ
GUQSH
HCIFZ
HZ~
J1Y
K6~
L.-
L7B
LXL
LXY
M0C
M1O
M2O
MBDVC
P2P
P62
PKEHL
PQEST
PQUKI
PRG
PRINS
Q2X
Q9U
RXW
TDX
TET
TMD
TMK
TN5
X6Y
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c314t-b849b349cd7ce7a7f542a61f0cb189e4b8923ebb730b5a383b6ad925a92999f63
IEDL.DBID BENPR
ISICitedReferencesCount 2
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000863489000001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 2050-3806
IngestDate Sat Nov 15 05:51:55 EST 2025
Sat Nov 29 07:40:24 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 21:16:35 EST 2025
Thu Oct 10 06:54:01 EDT 2024
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 5
Keywords Attentive and inattentive to task-related information
Eye-tracking technology
Reading phenomenon
Cognitive difference
Cognitive resource allocation strategy
Language English
License Licensed re-use rights only
https://www.emerald.com/insight/site-policies
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c314t-b849b349cd7ce7a7f542a61f0cb189e4b8923ebb730b5a383b6ad925a92999f63
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ORCID 0000-0002-6444-2962
0000-0001-9426-2607
PQID 2858658326
PQPubID 33070
PageCount 23
ParticipantIDs proquest_journals_2858658326
crossref_citationtrail_10_1108_AJIM_01_2022_0007
emerald_primary_10_1108_AJIM-01-2022-0007
crossref_primary_10_1108_AJIM_01_2022_0007
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2023-08-30
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2023-08-30
PublicationDate_xml – month: 08
  year: 2023
  text: 2023-08-30
  day: 30
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Bradford
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Bradford
PublicationTitle Aslib journal of information management
PublicationYear 2023
Publisher Emerald Publishing Limited
Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Publisher_xml – name: Emerald Publishing Limited
– name: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
References (key2023083016262678900_ref045) 2010; 19
(key2023083016262678900_ref036) 2021; 93
(key2023083016262678900_ref012) 2016
(key2023083016262678900_ref011) 2007
(key2023083016262678900_ref041) 2007
(key2023083016262678900_ref042) 2013
(key2023083016262678900_ref008) 2013; 49
(key2023083016262678900_ref058) 2008
(key2023083016262678900_ref002) 2021; 44
(key2023083016262678900_ref009) 2014
(key2023083016262678900_ref028) 2018; 36
(key2023083016262678900_ref501) 2022
(key2023083016262678900_ref033) 1997; 32
(key2023083016262678900_ref056) 2017
(key2023083016262678900_ref052) 2008; 6
(key2023083016262678900_ref016) 2017; 180
(key2023083016262678900_ref022) 2021; 5
(key2023083016262678900_ref024) 2021; 14
(key2023083016262678900_ref037) 2004
(key2023083016262678900_ref053) 2013; 21
(key2023083016262678900_ref040) 2009; 62
(key2023083016262678900_ref039) 1996; 95
(key2023083016262678900_ref505) 2021; 405
(key2023083016262678900_ref005) 2018
(key2023083016262678900_ref014) 2004
(key2023083016262678900_ref034) 2009
(key2023083016262678900_ref025) 2018
(key2023083016262678900_ref029) 2018; 36
(key2023083016262678900_ref057) 2021; 4
(key2023083016262678900_ref032) 2020; 82
(key2023083016262678900_ref054) 2021; 40
(key2023083016262678900_ref049) 2018; 78
(key2023083016262678900_ref030) 2016
(key2023083016262678900_ref013) 2012; 22
(key2023083016262678900_ref001) 1982; 8
(key2023083016262678900_ref043) 1979; 33
(key2023083016262678900_ref027) 2016
(key2023083016262678900_ref050) 2019
(key2023083016262678900_ref051) 2020; 27
Marcus , Katharina , Peter  & Berit (key2023083016262678900_ref503) 2012; 40
(key2023083016262678900_ref006) 2008
(key2023083016262678900_ref007) 2010
(key2023083016262678900_ref023) 2021; 59
(key2023083016262678900_ref021) 2017; 46
(key2023083016262678900_ref038) 2021
(key2023083016262678900_ref010) 2008
(key2023083016262678900_ref003) 2008; 1
(key2023083016262678900_ref018) 2002; 34
(key2023083016262678900_ref026) 2010
(key2023083016262678900_ref031) 2000; 4
(key2023083016262678900_ref044) 2021; 26
(key2023083016262678900_ref004) 2013; 5
(key2023083016262678900_ref035) 1992
(key2023083016262678900_ref504) 2002; 13
(key2023083016262678900_ref017) 2021; 41
(key2023083016262678900_ref048) 2017; 68
(key2023083016262678900_ref055) 2011; 30
(key2023083016262678900_ref019) 2016; 61
(key2023083016262678900_ref015) 2014
key2023083016262678900_ref046
(key2023083016262678900_ref020) 1980; 87
(key2023083016262678900_ref047) 2012; 58
References_xml – year: 2022
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref501
  article-title: The dark side of relevance: the effect of non-relevant results on search behavior
– volume: 87
  start-page: 329
  year: 1980
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref020
  article-title: A theory of reading: from eye fixations to comprehension
  publication-title: Psychological Review
  doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.87.4.329
– start-page: 1880
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
  year: 2017
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref056
  article-title: Learning to skim text
– start-page: 605
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 42nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR ’19)
  year: 2019
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref050
  article-title: Investigating passage-level relevance and its role in document-level relevance judgment
– start-page: 42
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 33rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval
  year: 2010
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref007
  article-title: The good, the bad, and the random: an eye-tracking study of ad quality in web search
  doi: 10.1145/1835449.1835459
– start-page: 87
  year: 2008
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref010
  article-title: An experimental comparison of click position-bias models
– volume: 82
  start-page: 2201
  issue: 5
  year: 2020
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref032
  article-title: Expertise effects on attention and eye-movement control during visual search: evidence from the domain of music reading
  publication-title: Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics
  doi: 10.3758/s13414-020-01979-3
– start-page: 58
  year: 2014
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref015
  article-title: Characterizing relevance with eye-tracking measure
– start-page: 2327
  year: 2013
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref042
  article-title: Students' reading strategies in Wikipedia: combination of eye-movements, navigation decisions and think aloud
– volume: 8
  start-page: W292
  year: 1982
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref001
  article-title: Allocation of attention during reading
  publication-title: Advances in Psychology
  doi: 10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62699-0
– volume: 4
  start-page: 331
  issue: 2
  year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref057
  article-title: Eyetracking the impact of subtitle length and line number on viewers' allocation of visual attention:. Translation
  publication-title: Cognition and Behavior
  doi: 10.1075/tcb.00058.zah
– start-page: 463
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 39th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR '16)
  year: 2016
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref030
  article-title: When does relevance mean usefulness and user satisfaction in web search
– volume: 34
  start-page: 592
  issue: 4
  year: 2002
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref018
  article-title: Cleaning up systematic error in eye-tracking data by using required fixation locations
  publication-title: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers
  doi: 10.3758/BF03195487
– volume: 5
  year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref022
  article-title: Identifying expert and novice visual scanpath patterns and their relationship to assessing learning-relevant student characteristics
  publication-title: Frontiers in Education
– start-page: 521
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web
  year: 2007
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref041
  article-title: Predicting clicks: estimating the click-through rate for new ads
  doi: 10.1145/1242572.1242643
– volume: 21
  start-page: 589
  issue: 4
  year: 2013
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref053
  article-title: Review of Eye-movement in reading research
  publication-title: Advances in Psychological Science
  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2013.00589
– volume: 6
  start-page: 6
  issue: 1
  year: 2008
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref052
  article-title: Eye movement study on bilingual materials reading of English major undergraduates
  publication-title: Studies of Psychology and Behavior
– volume: 40
  start-page: 813
  issue: 5
  year: 2012
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref503
  article-title: Conveying clinical reasoning based on visual observation via eye-movement modelling examples
  publication-title: Instructional Science
  doi: 10.1007/s11251-012-9218-5
– volume: 405
  issue: 5
  year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref505
  article-title: Neural and behavioral effects of perceptual load on auditory selective attention
  publication-title: Behavioural Brain Research
– volume: 61
  start-page: 622
  year: 2016
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref019
  article-title: The function of diagram with numbered arrows and text in helping readers construct kinematic representations: evidenced from eye movements and reading tests
  publication-title: Computers in Human Behavior
  doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.063
– volume: 36
  start-page: 194
  issue: 2
  year: 2018
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref028
  article-title: Predicting readers' domain knowledge based on eye-tracking measures
  publication-title: The Electronic Library
– start-page: 26
  year: 2010
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref026
  article-title: Personalizing information retrieval for multi-session tasks: the roles of task stage and task type
– start-page: 567
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 37th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval
  year: 2014
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref009
  article-title: Discrimination between tasks with user activity patterns during information search
– volume: 78
  start-page: 4813
  issue: 4
  year: 2018
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref049
  article-title: Tracking students’ visual attention on manga-based interactive e-book while reading: an eye-movement approach
  publication-title: Multimedia Tools and Applications
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1075
  issue: 5
  year: 2013
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref008
  article-title: Inferring user knowledge level from eye movement patterns
  publication-title: Information Processing and Management
  doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2012.08.004
– volume-title: Multimedia Learning
  year: 2009
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref034
– volume: 19
  start-page: 249
  issue: 4
  year: 2010
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref045
  article-title: Influence of task type and user group on web-based information seeking behavior
  publication-title: Joho Chishiki Gakkaishi
– start-page: 733
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management
  year: 2018
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref025
  article-title: Understanding reading attention distribution during relevance judgement
  doi: 10.1145/3269206.3271764
– volume: 62
  start-page: 1457
  issue: 8
  year: 2009
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref040
  article-title: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search
  publication-title: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
  doi: 10.1080/17470210902816461
– volume: 33
  start-page: 304
  issue: 4
  year: 1979
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref043
  article-title: Testing reading comprehension: multiple-choice v. short-answer questions
  publication-title: ELT Journal
  doi: 10.1093/elt/XXXIII.4.304
– ident: key2023083016262678900_ref046
– volume: 14
  start-page: 99
  issue: 4
  year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref024
  article-title: Guessing, partial knowledge, and misconceptions in multiple-choice tests
  publication-title: Journal of Educational Technology and Society
– volume: 5
  start-page: 133
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref004
  article-title: Towards a classification of translation styles based on eye-tracking and keylogging data
  publication-title: Journal of Writing Research
  doi: 10.17239/jowr-2013.05.01.6
– start-page: 407
  year: 2007
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref011
  article-title: What are you looking for?: an eye-tracking study of information usage in web search
  doi: 10.1145/1240624.1240690
– volume: 41
  start-page: 1134
  year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref017
  article-title: Eye movement patterns and reading ability in children
  publication-title: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics
  doi: 10.1111/opo.12854
– volume: 22
  start-page: 814
  issue: 9
  year: 2012
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref013
  article-title: A causal link between visual spatial attention and reading acquisition
  publication-title: Current Biology: CB
  doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.013
– volume: 95
  year: 1996
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref039
  article-title: Visual attention to advertising: the impact of motivation and repetition
  publication-title: Research Report
– year: 2016
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref027
  article-title: A study on the validity of reading comprehension in TEM 4—the case of reading comprehension in TEM 4 2016 sample test
  publication-title: Shanghai University of Finance and Economics
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1027
  issue: 10
  year: 2018
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref029
  article-title: Differences between experts and novices when reading with navigational table of contents
  publication-title: The Electronic Library
– volume: 1
  start-page: 80
  issue: 2
  year: 2008
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref003
  article-title: The perceptual span of Chinese undergraduates in reading English
  publication-title: Psychological Research
– volume: 30
  start-page: 797
  issue: 6
  year: 2011
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref055
  article-title: Effects of typographic variables on eye-movement measures in reading Chinese from a screen
  publication-title: Behaviour and Information Technology
  doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2010.523900
– volume: 32
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 1997
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref033
  article-title: Multimedia learning: are we asking the right questions?
  publication-title: Educational Psychologist
  doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep3201_1
– start-page: 387
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 31st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval
  year: 2008
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref006
  article-title: Query expansion using gaze-based feedback on the subdocument level
  doi: 10.1145/1390334.1390401
– volume: 40
  start-page: 342
  issue: 2
  year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref054
  article-title: The impact of multimedia effect on art learning: eye movement evidence from traditional Chinese pattern learning
  publication-title: International Journal of Art and Design Education
  doi: 10.1111/jade.12347
– start-page: 578
  volume-title: International Conference of Design
  year: 2016
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref012
  article-title: How serif and sans serif typefaces influence reading on screen: an eye tracking study
– start-page: 478
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 27th annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval
  year: 2004
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref014
  article-title: Eye-tracking analysis of user behavior in WWW search
  doi: 10.1145/1008992.1009079
– year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref038
  article-title: Minimizing variance due to guessing on multiple-choice tests
– volume: 180
  start-page: 62
  year: 2017
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref016
  article-title: Tolerance of uncertainty: conceptual analysis, integrative model, and implications for healthcare
  publication-title: Social Science and Medicine
  doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.024
– volume: 4
  start-page: 170
  year: 2000
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref031
  article-title: Contextual cueing of visual attention
  publication-title: Trends in Cognitive Sciences
  doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01476-5
– volume: 68
  start-page: 1449
  issue: 6
  year: 2017
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref048
  article-title: Effects of task complexity on online search behavior of adolescents
  publication-title: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
– volume: 93
  issue: 2
  year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref036
  article-title: Soundtrack design: the impact of music on visual attention and affective response
  publication-title: Applied Ergonomics
– volume: 26
  start-page: 53
  year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref044
  article-title: Exploring the impact of education on preclinical medical students’ tolerance of uncertainty: a qualitative longitudinal study
  publication-title: Advances in Health Sciences Education
  doi: 10.1007/s10459-020-09971-0
– volume: 27
  start-page: 2
  issue: 4
  year: 2020
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref051
  article-title: A comparative study on candidates’ cognitive processes when complete CET-6, IELTS and TOEFL iBT reading tests: evidence from eye-tracking a Retrospective Interview
  publication-title: Foreign Language and Translation
– start-page: 147
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 2004 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Application, Association for Computing Machinery
  year: 2004
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref037
  article-title: The determinants of web page viewing behavior: an eye-tracking study
– volume: 58
  start-page: 375
  issue: 1
  year: 2012
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref047
  article-title: Visual attention for solving multiple-choice science problem: an eye-tracking analysis
  publication-title: Computers and Education
  doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.07.012
– volume: 46
  start-page: 39
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref021
  article-title: Can we ‘read' the eye-movement patterns of readers? Unraveling the relationship between reading profiles and processing strategies
  publication-title: Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
  doi: 10.1007/s10936-016-9418-2
– volume: 44
  start-page: 837
  year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref002
  article-title: Do you know what you are reading for? Exploring the effects of a task model enhancement on fifth graders’ purposeful reading
  publication-title: Journal of Research in Reading
  doi: 10.1111/1467-9817.12374
– start-page: 293
  volume-title: Eye Movements and Visual Cognition
  year: 1992
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref035
  article-title: Perception and cognition in reading: where is the meeting point?
  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2852-3_17
– volume: 13
  start-page: 284
  issue: 3
  year: 2002
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref504
  article-title: Cuing interacts with perceptual load in visual search
  publication-title: Psychological Science
  doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00452
– volume: 59
  issue: C
  year: 2021
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref023
  article-title: More bodily motor action, less visual attention: how supermarket stimuli and consumer-related factors influence gaze behavior
  publication-title: Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services
  doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102403
– start-page: 1
  year: 2018
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref005
  article-title: Relating eye-tracking measures with changes in knowledge on search tasks
  doi: 10.1145/3204493.3204579
– start-page: 152
  year: 2008
  ident: key2023083016262678900_ref058
  article-title: Differences between informational and transactional tasks in information seeking on the web
  publication-title: Proceedings of IIiX ’08
SSID ssj0001213596
ssj0008318
Score 2.3161652
Snippet PurposeAttentive to task-related information is the prerequisite for task completion. Comparing the cognition between attentive readers (AR) and inattentive...
SourceID proquest
crossref
emerald
SourceType Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 917
SubjectTerms Cognition
Cognition & reasoning
Cognitive tasks
Deep learning
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Eye movements
Eye tracking
Fixation
Groups
Information
Library and information science
Navigation
Readers
Reading
Resource allocation
Skill development
Strategies
Task completion
Tracking
Uncertainty
Value
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: Emerald Management 120
  dbid: TMT
  link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3NS8MwFA9jePDitzjdJAcRFMrSNv2ItzEcKmx6mLBbSdIUh9pJWwX_e_OydHMyBMFjaZrSvPT3PvLe-yF0xhX8NFQ6mSepQ9MYkgBS5nDGopT6USSlNGQT0WgUTybsoYHu61oYk1Y5D8cYnJ7mJTipXUjc1ii8aDgA7DW9u9sheMMeZKSDsutCyLr7VL2-GEwmwGgwHo6_xVxcPzCUXR4JoK0sCe1B59rpVlTVj3rdJWYbRTTY_vdP2EFb1ibFvfkm2kUNle-hjq1owOfYliyBCLHFgn1U9OvEI1yTrGjIwTbvCxfzFGkM7TtzM4rnKZ7my-tqhitePjummkbBvcVbrvRgrD6VUxVcQiwfmy64B-hxcD3u3ziWwMGRvksrR8SUCZ8ymUZSRTzKAurx0M2IFG7MFBWxNi-VEBplRMC1ryxCnjIv4NpmYywL_UPUzGe5OkJYKo8qLjKpLQzquoy7lAsmVaY1cCiE30KkllUibXdzINl4SYyXQ-IEljohbgJLDUfuUQtdLh55m7f2-G3whZXp2rErMmyhdr1FEosIZeLFQaytPW0tH_9hqhO0Cfz2JohN2qhZFe-qgzbkRzUti1Ozu78AVHIAWw
  priority: 102
  providerName: Emerald
Title Cognitive differences between readers attentive and inattentive to task-related information: an eye-tracking study
URI https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AJIM-01-2022-0007/full/html
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2858658326
Volume 75
WOSCitedRecordID wos000863489000001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVMCB
  databaseName: Emerald Management 120
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1758-3748
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001213596
  issn: 2050-3806
  databaseCode: TMT
  dateStart: 20140101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.emerald.com/insight
  providerName: Emerald
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ABI/INFORM Collection
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1758-3748
  dateEnd: 20241207
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0008318
  issn: 2050-3806
  databaseCode: 7WY
  dateStart: 19981101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/abicomplete
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ABI/INFORM Global
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1758-3748
  dateEnd: 20241207
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0008318
  issn: 2050-3806
  databaseCode: M0C
  dateStart: 19981101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/abiglobal
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1758-3748
  dateEnd: 20241207
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0008318
  issn: 2050-3806
  databaseCode: P5Z
  dateStart: 19981101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/hightechjournals
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Library Science Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1758-3748
  dateEnd: 20241207
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0008318
  issn: 2050-3806
  databaseCode: M1O
  dateStart: 19981101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/libraryscience
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Central
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1758-3748
  dateEnd: 20241207
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0008318
  issn: 2050-3806
  databaseCode: BENPR
  dateStart: 19981101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Research Library
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1758-3748
  dateEnd: 20241207
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0008318
  issn: 2050-3806
  databaseCode: M2O
  dateStart: 19981101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/pqrl
  providerName: ProQuest
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3dSxwxEB_q6YMv1vqBZ0_JgwgVgvuR3SS-lOuhtMJdDznx42VJslmQlj3dWwv9783sZe9Qii99CYSdZRd-ycxkMjM_gCNlcdMwQ4vIMMpygUkAuaRKSp6zmHNjTEM2wUcjcXsrxz7gNvNpla1ObBR1PjUYIz-NRCKctXTextfHJ4qsUXi76ik0VmAVO5WxDqx-Ox-Nrxa6WMwjfFGQYBfZIPX3msh907_8McSzdIT57GgqX1mmN-W5SxXd2J2Lj__7x5uw4T1O0p8vkU_wwZZbcODrFcgx8QVJCBDxO30bqkGbVkRaChWnUIjP6iLVPAGaYHPOspFSZU4eyuW8npJazX7RplbG4rPFV86cMLF_La0rZTBST5oetztwfXE-GXynnp6BmjhkNdWCSR0zaXJuLFe8SFik0rAIjA6FtEwL5zxarZ0O0YlyJ2GdqlxGiXIemZRFGu9Cp5yWdg-IsRGzShfG-Q_MAalCprQ0tnD2NdU67kLQQpMZ37scKTR-Z80ZJhAZopkFYYZo4oU678LJ4pXHeeOO94S_eLz_KftqmXSh18Kd-f0-y5ZY77__-DOsI2F9E5UOetCpq2d7AGvmT_0wqw5hhd_cHfpF7GbDYIBj-BPHCMdxcu_GyXDyAgEO_es
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V3dS90wFD-oG7gXNzdld9MtD5swIdimaZsIY8jdxOvHxQcHvtUkTUE2el1v3fCf2t9oTprei2P45oOPJacppL_zkeR3zgH4oCwqDTe0YoZTXgokAZSSKinzkid5bozxzSby8Vicn8vTBfjb58IgrbK3id5QlxODZ-Q7TKTCeUsXbXy5-kWxaxTervYtNDpYHNmbP27LNv08-ur-70fG9r-dDQ9o6CpATRLzlmrBpU64NGVubK7yKuVMZXEVGR0LabkWLuaxWjvo61S5DZzOVClZqlwgIWWVJW7eRXjCuVMHpApGw5nlF915IotSrFkbZeEWFTvt7B2OTnDnzpA9j475jh_8Jxl47hC8l9t__tjW5wWshHia7HUKsAoLtn4JmyEbg2yRkG6F8CPBjr2CZtiTpkjfIMaZSxI4a6Tp6N0ES4_WXkrVJbms58_thLRq-oP6TCCLY7Ov7DphYm8sbRtl8B6C-Aq-a_D9QZZhHZbqSW1fAzGWcat0ZVx0xONYqpgrLY2tXPSQaZ0MIOqhUJhQmR0bhPws_A4tEgWip4jiAtGDdIF8ANuzV666siT3CX8K-Pqv7B1YDmCjh1cRrNm0mGPrzf3D72H54OzkuDgejY_ewjM3a-LP36MNWGqba7sJT83v9nLavPOKQ-DioZF4C6FrU38
linkToPdf http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V3da9UwFD_MKbIXv2VXN82DCgphbZo2iSAyNi9ep5f7oDB8qUmawtjonb11Y_-af505aXovE9nbHnwsSVNIf-cr-Z1zAF5oh0LDLa2Z5ZRXEkkAlaJaKVHxTAhrbWg2IaZTeXioZmvwe8iFQVrloBODoq7mFs_Id5jMpbeW3tvYqSMtYrY_fn_6k2IHKbxpHdpp9BA5cBfnPnxbvJvs-3_9krHxh697H2nsMEBtlvKOGsmVybiylbBOaFHnnOkirRNrUqkcN9L7P84YLwYm1z6YM4WuFMu1dyqUqovMr3sDbgofY6J0zfLvSysg-7NFluRYvzYp4o0qdt3Z_TT5glE8QyY9GulLNvGvxOCVcQgWb3z3f96re3An-tlktxeM-7DmmgewHbM0yCsS07AQliTqt4fQ7g1kKjI0jvFqlEQuG2l72jfBkqRNmKWbihw1q-duTjq9OKYhQ8jh2PIrb_1k4i4c7Vpt8X6ChMq-j-DbtWzDY1hv5o3bBGId406b2nqviaep0inXRllXe6-iMCYbQTLAorSxYjs2DjkpQ-SWyBKRVCZpiUhCGoEYwZvlK6d9uZKrJr-OWPvn3EsQHcHWALUyarlFucLZk6uHn8NtD8Dy82R68BQ2_KJZOJZPtmC9a3-5bbhlz7qjRfssyBCBH9cNxD-nQlyP
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cognitive+differences+between+readers+attentive+and+inattentive+to+task-related+information%3A+an+eye-tracking+study&rft.jtitle=Aslib+proceedings&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Lu&rft.au=Qian%2C+Wenhai&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing+Limited&rft.issn=2050-3806&rft.eissn=1758-3748&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=917&rft.epage=939&rft_id=info:doi/10.1108%2FAJIM-01-2022-0007&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2050-3806&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2050-3806&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2050-3806&client=summon