Block-Based Object-Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is not only an integral part of computing degrees but also a requirement in non-computing majors such as engineering. Understanding OOP concepts can be difficult for novice programmers, and often leads to the development of misconceptions. This is exacerbated when t...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:IEEE transactions on learning technologies Jg. 15; H. 4; S. 439 - 453
Hauptverfasser: Allen, Oliver, Downs, Xavier, Varoy, Elliot, Luxton-Reilly, Andrew, Giacaman, Nasser
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Piscataway IEEE 01.08.2022
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Schlagworte:
C++ languages
Computation
Computer languages
Computer science
computer science education
computers and information processing
Education
educational technology
engineering education
Java
Learning
Object oriented programming
Object-oriented languages
Programming
Programming languages
Programming profession
Students
Visualization
ISSN:1939-1382, 2372-0050
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
Abstract Object-oriented programming (OOP) is not only an integral part of computing degrees but also a requirement in non-computing majors such as engineering. Understanding OOP concepts can be difficult for novice programmers, and often leads to the development of misconceptions. This is exacerbated when the discipline requires students to learn a technical low-level language such as C++, as is the case in many engineering disciplines. We propose a block-based programming language extension, Blockly-OOP, to help students learn core OOP concepts without the technical complexities associated with traditional textual languages. The Blockly-OOP Learning Environment was developed by integrating Blockly-OOP with learning activities that guide students through programming exercises that target popular OOP misconceptions. An evaluation ( n = 238) in a second-year programming course (CS2) showed that a block-based programming language helps students improve their understanding of object-oriented concepts, warranting further research in this area.
AbstractList Object-oriented programming (OOP) is not only an integral part of computing degrees but also a requirement in non-computing majors such as engineering. Understanding OOP concepts can be difficult for novice programmers, and often leads to the development of misconceptions. This is exacerbated when the discipline requires students to learn a technical low-level language such as C++, as is the case in many engineering disciplines. We propose a block-based programming language extension, Blockly-OOP, to help students learn core OOP concepts without the technical complexities associated with traditional textual languages. The Blockly-OOP Learning Environment was developed by integrating Blockly-OOP with learning activities that guide students through programming exercises that target popular OOP misconceptions. An evaluation ( n = 238) in a second-year programming course (CS2) showed that a block-based programming language helps students improve their understanding of object-oriented concepts, warranting further research in this area.
Author Varoy, Elliot
Giacaman, Nasser
Allen, Oliver
Downs, Xavier
Luxton-Reilly, Andrew
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Oliver
  surname: Allen
  fullname: Allen, Oliver
  email: oall605@aucklanduni.ac.nz
  organization: Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, School of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Xavier
  surname: Downs
  fullname: Downs, Xavier
  email: xdow620@aucklanduni.ac.nz
  organization: Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, School of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Elliot
  surname: Varoy
  fullname: Varoy, Elliot
  email: evar872@aucklanduni.ac.nz
  organization: Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, School of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Andrew
  surname: Luxton-Reilly
  fullname: Luxton-Reilly, Andrew
  email: a.luxton-reilly@auckland.ac.nz
  organization: Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, School of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Nasser
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6885-1571
  surname: Giacaman
  fullname: Giacaman, Nasser
  email: n.giacaman@auckland.ac.nz
  organization: Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, School of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
BookMark eNp9kM9Lw0AQhRepYFu9C14ED55SZ2eyye7RFn9BoB7qedmksyW1zdZNevC_N6XFgwdPw8D73oNvJAZNaFiIawkTKcE8LIrFBAFxQtIASX0mhkg5JgAKBmIoDZlEksYLMWrbNUCGucGhuJ9uQvWZTF3Ly9t5ueaqS-ax5qbr__cYVtFtt3WzuhTn3m1avjrdsfh4flrMXpNi_vI2eyySiiR1iatKhYZT8ilqqGjppEqZTCZLrdF5RMqUX4I3RKyUyr0Gx5CrHEtiLmks7o69uxi-9tx2dh32seknLeYy1UbLVPYpOKaqGNo2sre7WG9d_LYS7EGH7XXYgw570tEj2R-kqjvX1aHpoqs3_4E3R7Bm5t8do9FgmtEPwi9sVw
CODEN ITLTAT
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1007_s10639_024_12869_8
crossref_primary_10_1177_07356331231205052
Cites_doi 10.1145/2677087
10.1145/1269900.1268834
10.1007/978-3-319-76111-4_28
10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100037
10.1109/RITA.2017.2735478
10.1109/VLHCC.2015.7357237
10.1016/j.compedu.2018.01.011
10.1145/3231709
10.1145/2676723.2677230
10.1145/2700519
10.1145/3364510.3364515
10.1145/2676723.2677256
10.1111/bjet.12685
10.1145/1868358.1868363
10.1080/08993400500224310
10.1109/TLT.2016.2556666
10.1145/1028664.1028701
10.1145/3293881.3295779
10.1007/s10639-017-9673-3
10.1145/1189215.1189170
10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.004
10.1109/EDUCON.2014.6826147
10.28945/752
10.1145/1953163.1953329
10.1145/3159450.3162229
10.1145/1027313.1027320
10.1145/1592761.1592779
10.1007/978-3-540-77934-6_9
10.1145/1868358.1868362
10.1504/IJTEL.2018.088333
10.1145/1868358.1868361
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2960312
10.1109/LaTiCE.2014.20
10.1007/s10639-018-9702-x
10.1109/38.851744
10.1016/j.jpdc.2017.01.018
10.1109/BLOCKS.2017.8120404
10.1109/FIE.1999.839268
10.1145/2787622.2787712
10.1145/2771839.2771860
10.1023/A:1015362608943
10.1145/1113034.1113040
10.1145/2839509.2844661
10.1007/BF00138871
10.1109/SEEP.1996.534015
10.1145/1315803.1315811
10.1109/LaTICE.2018.000-5
10.1007/978-3-030-02762-9_21
10.1076/csed.13.2.137.14200
10.1145/1868358.1868364
10.4197/Sci.22-1.4
10.1145/1352322.1352226
10.1145/2157136.2157180
10.1145/3341221
10.1145/268085.268132
10.1109/TE.2018.2864133
10.1145/3089799
10.1109/MCG.2007.156
10.1145/234867.234872
10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
10.1145/331795.331854
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2022
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2022
DBID 97E
RIA
RIE
AAYXX
CITATION
DOI 10.1109/TLT.2022.3190318
DatabaseName IEEE Xplore (IEEE)
IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present
IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
CrossRef
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList

Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: RIE
  name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
  url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Education
Computer Science
EISSN 2372-0050
EndPage 453
ExternalDocumentID 10_1109_TLT_2022_3190318
9829246
Genre orig-research
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Ako Aotearoa RHPF
GroupedDBID 0R~
29I
5GY
5VS
6IK
97E
AAJGR
AAKDD
AAKPC
AARMG
AASAJ
AAWTH
ABAZT
ABJNI
ABOPQ
ABQJQ
ABVLG
ACGFO
ACHQT
ACIWK
ADDVE
AENEX
AGQYO
AHBIQ
AKJIK
AKQYR
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ATWAV
BEFXN
BFFAM
BGNUA
BKEBE
BPEOZ
EBS
EJD
HZ~
IFIPE
IPLJI
JAVBF
M43
O9-
OCL
P2P
PQQKQ
RIA
RIE
RNS
RZB
AAYXX
CITATION
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c313t-acb529e43f4280c3da154e3961b882af22365fd0f933e5557f80ae07572b3eeb3
IEDL.DBID RIE
ISICitedReferencesCount 2
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000853835200004&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 1939-1382
IngestDate Sun Jun 29 16:54:26 EDT 2025
Sat Nov 29 06:07:59 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 22:35:39 EST 2025
Wed Aug 27 02:18:58 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 4
Language English
License https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c313t-acb529e43f4280c3da154e3961b882af22365fd0f933e5557f80ae07572b3eeb3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ORCID 0000-0001-6885-1571
PQID 2714898141
PQPubID 85505
PageCount 15
ParticipantIDs crossref_primary_10_1109_TLT_2022_3190318
crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TLT_2022_3190318
proquest_journals_2714898141
ieee_primary_9829246
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2022-08-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2022-08-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 08
  year: 2022
  text: 2022-08-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Piscataway
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Piscataway
PublicationTitle IEEE transactions on learning technologies
PublicationTitleAbbrev TLT
PublicationYear 2022
Publisher IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml – name: IEEE
– name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References ref57
ref13
ref56
ref12
ref59
ref15
ref58
weintrop (ref76) 2017
ref53
grandell (ref73) 0
ref55
stein (ref63) 0
ref54
weintrop (ref52) 0
noone (ref29) 2017
ref17
ref16
ref19
ref18
(ref1) 2013
ref51
ref50
grandell (ref8) 0
ref45
ref48
(ref22) 2020
ref42
ref41
ref44
ref43
ferrari (ref61) 2016; 15
ref49
petre (ref32) 2006
brusilovsky (ref34) 1994
kölling (ref2) 1999; 11
ref9
ref3
ref6
citrin (ref4) 1995
ref82
mason (ref14) 0
ref81
ref40
ref83
ref80
ref79
ref78
ref37
ref36
mason (ref11) 0
ref75
ref31
ref74
ref30
ref77
ref33
carlisle (ref5) 2009; 24
bergin (ref47) 1997
ref39
ref38
srimani (ref7) 0
pattis (ref46) 1981
ref71
ref70
ref72
olsson (ref35) 2015; 13
ref68
ref24
ref67
ref23
ref26
ref69
ref25
ref64
ref20
ref66
ref65
ref21
(ref60) 2020
hagan (ref10) 2000
ref28
ref27
ref62
References_xml – ident: ref53
  doi: 10.1145/2677087
– ident: ref66
  doi: 10.1145/1269900.1268834
– ident: ref62
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-76111-4_28
– ident: ref40
  doi: 10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100037
– ident: ref33
  doi: 10.1109/RITA.2017.2735478
– ident: ref55
  doi: 10.1109/VLHCC.2015.7357237
– year: 1997
  ident: ref47
  publication-title: A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Object- Oriented Programming
– ident: ref44
  doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.01.011
– start-page: 1
  year: 0
  ident: ref63
  article-title: Beyond objects
  publication-title: Proc Educator's Symp 12th Annu Conf Object Oriented Program Lang Syst Appl
– start-page: 71
  year: 0
  ident: ref73
  article-title: Why complicate things? introducing programming in high school using python
  publication-title: Proc 8th Australas Conf Comput Educ
– ident: ref37
  doi: 10.1145/3231709
– ident: ref56
  doi: 10.1145/2676723.2677230
– ident: ref65
  doi: 10.1145/2700519
– start-page: 23
  year: 0
  ident: ref11
  article-title: Distractions in programming environments
  publication-title: Proc 15th Australas Comput Educ Conf
– ident: ref82
  doi: 10.1145/3364510.3364515
– year: 2017
  ident: ref29
  article-title: Visual and textual programming languages: A systematic review of the literature
– ident: ref78
  doi: 10.1145/2676723.2677256
– ident: ref43
  doi: 10.1111/bjet.12685
– ident: ref50
  doi: 10.1145/1868358.1868363
– start-page: s1a
  year: 0
  ident: ref7
  article-title: Computing curricula 2001: Computer engineering
  publication-title: Proc 31st Annu Front Educ Conf Impact Eng Sci Educ
– ident: ref6
  doi: 10.1080/08993400500224310
– ident: ref42
  doi: 10.1109/TLT.2016.2556666
– ident: ref30
  doi: 10.1145/1028664.1028701
– ident: ref26
  doi: 10.1145/3293881.3295779
– start-page: 852
  year: 0
  ident: ref14
  article-title: Language choice in introductory programming courses at Australasian and UK universities
  publication-title: Proc 49th ACM Tech Symp Comput Sci Educ
– ident: ref19
  doi: 10.1007/s10639-017-9673-3
– volume: 13
  start-page: 452
  year: 2015
  ident: ref35
  article-title: Visualisation and gamification of e-learning and programming education
  publication-title: Electron J E-Learning
– ident: ref69
  doi: 10.1145/1189215.1189170
– ident: ref36
  doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.004
– ident: ref77
  doi: 10.1109/EDUCON.2014.6826147
– start-page: 1
  year: 2006
  ident: ref32
  article-title: A gentle overview of software visualisation
– ident: ref31
  doi: 10.28945/752
– ident: ref57
  doi: 10.1145/1953163.1953329
– ident: ref15
  doi: 10.1145/3159450.3162229
– ident: ref72
  doi: 10.1145/1027313.1027320
– volume: 24
  start-page: 275
  year: 2009
  ident: ref5
  article-title: Raptor: A visual programming environment for teaching object-oriented programming
  publication-title: J Comput Sci Colleges
– ident: ref49
  doi: 10.1145/1592761.1592779
– year: 2013
  ident: ref1
  article-title: Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and IEEE Computer Society
  publication-title: Computer Science Curricula 2013 Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computer Science
– ident: ref12
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-77934-6_9
– year: 1981
  ident: ref46
  publication-title: Karel the Robot A Gentle Introduction to the Art Of Programming
– ident: ref51
  doi: 10.1145/1868358.1868362
– ident: ref58
  doi: 10.1504/IJTEL.2018.088333
– ident: ref45
  doi: 10.1145/1868358.1868361
– ident: ref41
  doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2960312
– volume: 15
  start-page: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: ref61
  article-title: Object oriented puzzle programming
– ident: ref13
  doi: 10.1109/LaTiCE.2014.20
– ident: ref39
  doi: 10.1007/s10639-018-9702-x
– ident: ref28
  doi: 10.1109/38.851744
– ident: ref16
  doi: 10.1016/j.jpdc.2017.01.018
– ident: ref59
  doi: 10.1109/BLOCKS.2017.8120404
– ident: ref9
  doi: 10.1109/FIE.1999.839268
– ident: ref17
  doi: 10.1145/2787622.2787712
– ident: ref54
  doi: 10.1145/2771839.2771860
– year: 2020
  ident: ref60
  article-title: Blockly GitHub repository
– ident: ref70
  doi: 10.1023/A:1015362608943
– ident: ref64
  doi: 10.1145/1113034.1113040
– ident: ref83
  doi: 10.1145/2839509.2844661
– start-page: 103
  year: 1994
  ident: ref34
  article-title: Teaching programming to novices: A review of approaches and tools
– start-page: 720
  year: 0
  ident: ref52
  article-title: Minding the gap between blocks-based and text-based programming
  publication-title: Proc 46th ACM Tech Symp Comput Sci Educ
– ident: ref80
  doi: 10.1007/BF00138871
– start-page: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: ref76
  article-title: Blocking progress? Transitioning from block-based to text-based programming
  publication-title: Proc Amer Educ Res Assoc
– ident: ref74
  doi: 10.1109/SEEP.1996.534015
– ident: ref75
  doi: 10.1145/1315803.1315811
– ident: ref18
  doi: 10.1109/LaTICE.2018.000-5
– ident: ref38
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-02762-9_21
– ident: ref24
  doi: 10.1076/csed.13.2.137.14200
– ident: ref48
  doi: 10.1145/1868358.1868364
– ident: ref3
  doi: 10.4197/Sci.22-1.4
– ident: ref71
  doi: 10.1145/1352322.1352226
– year: 2000
  ident: ref10
  article-title: Teaching Java with the BlueJ environment
– ident: ref79
  doi: 10.1145/2157136.2157180
– ident: ref21
  doi: 10.1145/3341221
– ident: ref67
  doi: 10.1145/268085.268132
– year: 2020
  ident: ref22
  article-title: Blockly developers
– ident: ref25
  doi: 10.1109/TE.2018.2864133
– ident: ref20
  doi: 10.1145/3089799
– ident: ref27
  doi: 10.1109/MCG.2007.156
– ident: ref23
  doi: 10.1145/234867.234872
– ident: ref81
  doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
– volume: 11
  start-page: 8
  year: 1999
  ident: ref2
  article-title: The problem of teaching object-oriented programming
  publication-title: J Object-Oriented Program
– year: 1995
  ident: ref4
  article-title: The design of a completely visual object-oriented programming language
  publication-title: Visual Object-oriented Programming Concepts and Environments
– start-page: 17
  year: 0
  ident: ref8
  article-title: High school programming-A beyond-syntax analysis of novice programmers' difficulties
  publication-title: Proc Koli Calling Conf Comput Sci Educ
– ident: ref68
  doi: 10.1145/331795.331854
SSID ssj0062792
Score 2.2878428
Snippet Object-oriented programming (OOP) is not only an integral part of computing degrees but also a requirement in non-computing majors such as engineering....
SourceID proquest
crossref
ieee
SourceType Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 439
SubjectTerms C++ languages
Computation
Computer languages
Computer science
computer science education
computers and information processing
Education
educational technology
engineering education
Java
Learning
Object oriented programming
Object-oriented languages
Programming
Programming languages
Programming profession
Students
Visualization
Title Block-Based Object-Oriented Programming
URI https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9829246
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2714898141
Volume 15
WOSCitedRecordID wos000853835200004&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVIEE
  databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2372-0050
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0062792
  issn: 1939-1382
  databaseCode: RIE
  dateStart: 20080101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
  providerName: IEEE
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LSwMxEB5q8eDFaqtYrbIHQQTX7ia7m83RisWDtD1U6G3JE0RtpQ9_v5PdbEEUwVsOSQiTx3xfMpkP4FJlwlIteegEUJCgYEkYHocawb1yoF9LW4pNsNEon834pAE3278wxpgy-MzcumL5lq8XauOuyvo8J0gXsh3YYYxVf7XqUzdzifDqZ8iI96dPUyR_hCAn5W7dfnM7pY7Kj8O39CjD1v_GcgD7HjkGd9VUH0LDzNvQqlUZAr9J206H2cdsdOBqgL7qNRygq9LBWLo7l3DsMhsjzgwmVWjWOzqvI3gePkzvH0MvjRAqGtN1KJRMCTcJtUgfIkW1QChkKM9iiZBZWHT6WWp1ZDmlJk1TZvNIGIQHjEhqkEAfQ3O-mJsTCEROWKZNkpOEJUZryTJhRJQnlkmLeKIL_dpyhfJ5w518xVtR8oeIF2jrwtm68LbuwvW2xUeVM-OPuh1n2209b9Yu9OrJKfymWhWEIXfjeZzEp7-3OoM913cVn9eD5nq5Meewqz7XL6vlRblevgAzz71T
linkProvider IEEE
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LSwMxEB5qFfRitVWsVt2DIIJrd5PdzeZoxVKxtj1U6G1JNgmI2kof_n4n-yiIInjLISFh8pjvSybzAVykkTBUSe5aARQkKFgSmvuuQnCfWtCvpMnEJthgEE8mfFSB6_VfGK11Fnymb2wxe8tXs3Rlr8raPCZIF6IN2AyDgPj5b63y3I1sKrzyIdLj7XF_jPSPEGSl3K7cb44nU1L5cfxmPqVb-99o9mC3wI7ObT7Z-1DR0zrUSl0Gp9imdavEXERtNOCyg97q1e2gs1LOUNpbF3docxsj0nRGeXDWO7qvA3ju3o_vem4hjuCm1KdLV6QyJFwH1CCB8FKqBIIhTXnkSwTNwqDbj0KjPMMp1WEYMhN7QiNAYERSjRT6EKrT2VQfgSNiwiKlg5gELNBKSRYJLbw4MEwaRBRNaJeWS9Iic7gVsHhLMgbh8QRtnVhbJ4Wtm3C1bvGRZ834o27D2nZdrzBrE1rl5CTFtlokhCF747Ef-Me_tzqH7d74qZ_0HwaPJ7Bj-8mj9VpQXc5X-hS20s_ly2J-lq2dLzpHwJo
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Block-Based+Object-Oriented+Programming&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+learning+technologies&rft.au=Allen%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Downs%2C+Xavier&rft.au=Varoy%2C+Elliot&rft.au=Luxton-Reilly%2C+Andrew&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc.+%28IEEE%29&rft.eissn=2372-0050&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=439&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTLT.2022.3190318&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1939-1382&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1939-1382&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1939-1382&client=summon