Come as You Are: Examining Autistic Identity Development and the Neurodiversity Movement through an Intersectional Lens
Abstract Singer intended for neurodiversity to be a new category of intersectionality. However, intersectionality has been neglected in autism research and practice. This paper aims to inform an intersectional approach to autism by exploring autistic identity development in relation to other margina...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Human development Vol. 66; no. 2; pp. 93 - 112 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Basel, Switzerland
01.05.2022
|
| Subjects: | |
| ISBN: | 9783318070590, 3318070599 |
| ISSN: | 0018-716X, 1423-0054 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | Abstract
Singer intended for neurodiversity to be a new category of intersectionality. However, intersectionality has been neglected in autism research and practice. This paper aims to inform an intersectional approach to autism by exploring autistic identity development in relation to other marginalized identities. We reviewed literature about neurodiversity, intersectionality, discrimination, and the identity development of autistic people, racial/ethnic minorities, and gender and sexual minorities. We discuss minority stress and evidence that cultural traditions alleviate it. Autistic culture can reframe personal difficulties as a politicized struggle. While the stereotype of autism is one of withdrawal, the history of autistic people coming together for justice defies this notion. Intersectionality teaches us that we must understand differences within the autistic community if we wish to help all autistic people experience the dignity they deserve. Using an intersectional lens, we can become more flexible in our understanding of positive autistic identity development and strategies to promote it. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Abstract
Singer intended for neurodiversity to be a new category of intersectionality. However, intersectionality has been neglected in autism research and practice. This paper aims to inform an intersectional approach to autism by exploring autistic identity development in relation to other marginalized identities. We reviewed literature about neurodiversity, intersectionality, discrimination, and the identity development of autistic people, racial/ethnic minorities, and gender and sexual minorities. We discuss minority stress and evidence that cultural traditions alleviate it. Autistic culture can reframe personal difficulties as a politicized struggle. While the stereotype of autism is one of withdrawal, the history of autistic people coming together for justice defies this notion. Intersectionality teaches us that we must understand differences within the autistic community if we wish to help all autistic people experience the dignity they deserve. Using an intersectional lens, we can become more flexible in our understanding of positive autistic identity development and strategies to promote it. |
| Author | Gillespie-Lynch, Kristen Botha, Monique |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Monique orcidid: 0000-0002-5935-9654 surname: Botha fullname: Botha, Monique email: *Monique Botha, m.d.botha@stir.ac.uk, Kristen Gillespie-Lynch, kgillyn@gmail.com – sequence: 2 givenname: Kristen surname: Gillespie-Lynch fullname: Gillespie-Lynch, Kristen email: *Monique Botha, m.d.botha@stir.ac.uk, Kristen Gillespie-Lynch, kgillyn@gmail.com |
| BookMark | eNpt0M1PwjAYBvCqmAjIwbuHJp6n_djW1hsBFBLUiyZ6It36DqqsJVuH8t87xIMHT2-e_J48h7eHOs47QOiCkmtKE3VDCElYTBk_QgMlJOdUEkGUVMeoS2PGo9bjk7-WKNJBXUKojARNX89Qr67f9zOpUF30OfIlYF3jN9_gYQW3ePKlS-usW-JhE2wdbI5nBlywYYfHsIW135RtxNoZHFaAH6GpvLFbqOp95cFv4cfDqvLNctX28MyFViEP1ju9xnNw9Tk6LfS6hsHv7aOXu8nzaBrNn-5no-E8yjnlIRIsYxlVhLNEZjkYlumcSyBMp2kaZ7QoClAy0UqYmGVGG6k1y2NBi1wInUjeR5eH3Q9dLaFabCpb6mq3ODyx5at_eTqeHBqLjSn4N8jbb5Q |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231220418 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40489_025_00504_2 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0105 crossref_primary_10_3389_fsoc_2025_1610206 crossref_primary_10_1080_20473869_2025_2555957 crossref_primary_10_3390_jintelligence12040045 crossref_primary_10_1080_00207284_2025_2484176 crossref_primary_10_1080_07448481_2025_2484558 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmed_2025_1481953 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2024_1504429 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40653_024_00624_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_sexes4010010 crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330241307828 crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251353565 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_023_06039_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_reia_2025_202660 crossref_primary_10_1080_09503153_2024_2423405 crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251369785 crossref_primary_10_1002_icd_2467 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2024_0156 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_025_06881_1 crossref_primary_10_1177_21651434251337452 crossref_primary_10_1080_17454832_2023_2185646 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40489_025_00493_2 crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251346861 crossref_primary_10_1080_20473869_2025_2527252 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613251341012 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0077 crossref_primary_10_1111_chso_12898 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2021_0083 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241264887 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2021_0086 crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251350740 crossref_primary_10_1044_2023_AJSLP_23_00147 crossref_primary_10_1002_dvr2_12003 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0151 crossref_primary_10_1044_2025_PERSP_24_00322 crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251370652 crossref_primary_10_1080_09687599_2024_2424193 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2024_0326 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241297222 crossref_primary_10_1590_1679_395120230196 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613221142383 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241280835 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2024_0288 crossref_primary_10_1177_17455057231189542 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613221143590 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2024_0090 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0200 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231181622 crossref_primary_10_1080_08856257_2025_2460904 crossref_primary_10_1111_1440_1630_13002 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231166749 crossref_primary_10_1080_15283488_2025_2510266 crossref_primary_10_1080_01612840_2023_2239916 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0041 crossref_primary_10_1002_icd_70017 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241303547 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40841_025_00391_5 crossref_primary_10_1044_2025_PERSP_24_00156 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613251335738 crossref_primary_10_12688_hrbopenres_14046_1 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2024_0059 crossref_primary_10_1177_14614448231193091 crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2023_1223175 crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0119 crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251329625 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231222656 crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330241253696 crossref_primary_10_1177_09593535241306532 crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2023_1197197 crossref_primary_10_1002_hrm_22286 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613221131752 crossref_primary_10_1080_08856257_2024_2407660 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eatbeh_2025_101951 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_023_06001_x crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231159165 crossref_primary_10_1002_aur_3081 crossref_primary_10_1044_2025_PERSP_24_00267 crossref_primary_10_1177_2156759X251359290 crossref_primary_10_1590_1679_395120230196x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jadohealth_2023_02_038 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2025_1499390 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241228329 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2024_117066 crossref_primary_10_1177_23969415231159552 crossref_primary_10_12688_hrbopenres_14196_1 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241312445 crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330241291769 crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231181477 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel |
| DBID | M-- |
| DOI | 10.1159/000524123 |
| DatabaseName | Karger Open Journals (Free, activated by CARLI) |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: M-- name: Karger Open Journals (Free, activated by CARLI) url: https://www.karger.com/OpenAccess sourceTypes: Enrichment Source Publisher |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine Anatomy & Physiology Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology |
| EISBN | 9783318070989 331807098X |
| EISSN | 1423-0054 |
| EndPage | 112 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 524123 |
| GroupedDBID | --- --Z -DZ -~X .55 .GJ 0-V 07C 0R~ 0~5 0~B 1KJ 29I 30W 329 34G 39C 3O. 3V. 4.4 41~ 53G 5GY 6P2 7X7 85S 88A 88E 88I 8A4 8AF 8AO 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8G5 8UI AALGM AAYIC AAYJJ ABBHK ABDBF ABIVO ABJNI ABPAZ ABUWG ABXSQ ACBNA ACGFO ACGFS ACGOD ACHQT ACNCT ACPRK ACPSR ADACV ADAGL ADBBV ADULT AEGXH AEJYH AETEA AEYAO AFFNX AFJJK AFKRA AIKWM AILCM ALDHI ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALSLI ARALO AVQMV AZPMC AZQEC B-7 BBNVY BCR BCU BEC BENPR BES BHPHI BKNYI BKOMP BLC BPHCQ BVXVI CAG CCPQU CJNVE COF CS3 CYUIP DWQXO E0A EBS EJD F20 F5P FAC FAS FB. FJW FYUFA G8K GNUQQ GUQSH HCIFZ HMCUK HZ~ H~9 IY7 JAAYA JENOY JKPJF JKQEH JLXEF JPL JPM JSODD JST JVCUD K50 K9- KUZGX LK8 LPU M-- M0L M0P M0R M1D M1P M2M M2O M2P M7P MVM N9A NHB O1H O9- OHT OVD P2P PEA PQEDU PQQKQ PRG PROAC PSQYO PSYQQ RIG RKO RWL RXVBD RXW S0X SA0 SJFOW TAE TAF TEORI TN5 TWZ UJ6 UKHRP UKR UPT UQL V62 VQA WH7 WHG X7M XJT XOL YQI YYQ Z0I ZCA ZCG ZGI ZKB ZUP ZXP |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c313t-72b2b1903258bced2bac38e02a6664b1fffe985a97d42bdad8aa2c471fc77a583 |
| IEDL.DBID | M-- |
| ISBN | 9783318070590 3318070599 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 85 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000844129300002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0018-716X |
| IngestDate | Thu Aug 29 12:04:25 EDT 2024 Sat Aug 31 21:00:33 EDT 2024 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 2 |
| Keywords | Development Intersectionality Family relations Cultural development Autistic identity Neurodiversity |
| Language | English |
| License | This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes requires written permission. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c313t-72b2b1903258bced2bac38e02a6664b1fffe985a97d42bdad8aa2c471fc77a583 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5935-9654 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://karger.com/doi/10.1159/000524123 |
| PageCount | 20 |
| ParticipantIDs | karger_primary_524123 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2022-05-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2022-05-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 05 year: 2022 text: 2022-05-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Basel, Switzerland |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Basel, Switzerland |
| PublicationTitle | Human development |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Human Development |
| PublicationYear | 2022 |
| References | Ortega, F., & Choudhury, S. (2011). ‘Wired up differently’: Autism, adolescence and the politics of neurological identities. Subjectivity, 4(3), 323–345. Mandell, D. S., Ittenbach, R. F., Levy, S. E., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2007). Disparities in diagnoses received prior to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1795–1802. Peña, E. V. (Ed.). (2019). Leaders Around Me: Autobiographies of Autistics who type, point, & spell to communicate. Tobin, C. S. T. (2021). Distinguishing distress from disorder: Black-white patterns in the determinants of and links between depressive symptoms and major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 510–517. Mallipeddi, N. V., & VanDaalen, R. A. (2021). Intersectionality within critical autism studies: A narrative review. Autism in Adulthood. Online Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2021.0014. Bowleg, L., Huang, J., Brooks, K., Black, A., & Burkholder, G. (2003). Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among Black lesbians. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7(4), 87–108. Moskowitz, D. A., Rendina, H. J., Alvarado Avila, A., & Mustanski, B. (2021). Demographic and social factors impacting coming out as a sexual minority among generation-Z teenage boys. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000484. ASAN (2021). Working towards racial justice in ASAN and the autistic community. https://autisticadvocacy.org/2021/07/working-towards-racial-justice-in-asan-and-the-autistic-community Cooper, K., Smith, L. G., & Russell, A. (2017). Social identity, self‐esteem, and mental health in autism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 844–854. Pamplin, J. R., II., & Bates, L. M. (2021). Evaluating hypothesized explanations for the Black-white depression paradox: A critical review of the extant evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 281,114085. Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2004). Ethnic/racial differences in the coming-out process of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: a comparison of sexual identity development over time. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(3), 215–228. Chapman, R., & Veit, W. (2020). Representing the autism spectrum. The American Journal of Bioethics, 20(4), 46–48. Crompton, C. J., Hallett, S., Ropar, D., Flynn, E., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2020). ‘I never realised everybody felt as happy as I do when I am around autistic people’: A thematic analysis of autistic adults’ relationships with autistic and neurotypical friends and family. Autism, 24(6), 1438–1448. Anderson, C. (2016). White rage: The unspoken truth of our racial divide. Bloomsbury Publishing. Crane, L., Lui, L. M., Davies, J., & Pellicano, E. (2021). Autistic parents’ views and experiences of talking about autism with their autistic children. Autism, 25(4), 1161–1167. Davenport, L. (2020). The fluidity of racial classifications. Annual Review of Political Science, 23, 221–240. Jones, R. S., Huws, J. C., & Beck, G. (2013). ‘I’m not the only person out there’: Insider and outsider understandings of autism. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 59(2), 134–144. Grov, C., Bimbi, D. S., Nanín, J. E., & Parsons, J. T. (2006). Race, ethnicity, gender, and generational factors associated with the coming‐out process among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Sex Research, 43(2), 115–121. Gould, S. J., & Gold, S. J. (1996). The mismeasure of man. WW Norton & Company. Fields, K. E., & Fields, B. J. (2014). Racecraft: The soul of inequality in American life. Verso Books. Fusar-Poli, L., Brondino, N., Politi, P., & Aguglia, E. (2020). Missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of adults with autism spectrum disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 272, 187–198. Lewis, L. F. (2016). Exploring the experience of self-diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(5), 575–580. King, J. B., Prigge, M. B., King, C. K., Morgan, J., Weathersby, F., Fox, J. C., & Bigler, E. D. (2019). Generalizability and reproducibility of functional connectivity in autism. Molecular Autism, 10, 27. Hooks, B. (1981). Ain’t I A Woman: Black women and feminism. Routledge. Scully, J., & Shakespeare, T. (2019). Report on the impact of ableism in medical and scientific practice (A/HRC/43/41; special rapporteur on disability). United Nations of Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Disability/SRDisabilities/Pages/BioethicsDisabilities.aspx Sinclair, J. (2010). Being autistic together. Disability Studies Quarterly, 30(1. Kisler, K. A. (2013). Minority stress and HIV risk behavior among HIV-positive bisexual black men with histories of childhood sexual abuse. University of California. Nicolaidis, C., Raymaker, D. M., Ashkenazy, E., McDonald, K. E., Dern, S., Baggs, A. E., Kapp, S. K., Weiner, M., & Boisclair, W. C. (2015). ‘Respect the way I need to communicate with you’: Healthcare experiences of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 19(7), 824–831. Floris, D. L., Wolfers, T., Zabihi, M., Holz, N. E., Zwiers, M. P., Charman, T., Tillman, J., Ecker, C., Dell’Acqua, F., Banaschewski, T., Moessnang, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Holt, R., Durston, S., Loth, E., Murphy, D. G. M., Marquand, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Beckmann, C. F., & EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project Group. (2021). Atypical brain asymmetry in autism—a candidate for clinically meaningful stratification. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 6(8), 802–812. Kapp, S. K., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Sherman, L. E., & Hutman, T. (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59–71. Ronson, J. (2016). So you’ve been publicly shamed. Riverhead Books. Perrin, P. B., Sutter, M. E., Trujillo, M. A., Henry, R. S., & Pugh, M., Jr (2020). The minority strengths model: Development and initial path analytic validation in racially/ethnically diverse LGBTQ individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 118–136. Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G.Austin, & S.Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole. Baggs, M. (2016, May 1). Here is ableism somewhere at the heart of your oppression, no matter what your oppression might be. Ballastexistenz.https://ballastexistenz.wordpress.com/2016/05/01/there-is-ableism-somewhere-at-the-heart-of-your-oppression-no-matter-what-your-oppression-might-be Stephens, E., & Cryle, P. (2017). Eugenics and the normal body: the role of visual images and intelligence testing in framing the treatment of people with disabilities in the early twentieth century. Continuum, 31(3), 365–376. Coll, C. G., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., Wasik, B. H., Jenkins, R., Garcia, H. V., & McAdoo, H. P. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914. Dekker, M. (2020). From exclusion to acceptance: Independent living on the frontline. In S. K.Kapp (Ed.), Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement: Stories from the frontline (pp. 41–49). Palgrave Macmillan. Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56. Botha, M. (2021). Academic, activist, or advocate? angry, entangled, and emerging: A critical reflection on autism knowledge production. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727542. Moore, K. L., Camacho, D., & Munson, M. R. (2020). Identity negotiation processes among Black and Latinx sexual minority young adult mental health service users. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 32(1), 21–48. Ballou, E. (2018, February 6). What the neurodiversity movement does – and doesn’t – offer. Thinking Person’s Guide to Autism. http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2018/02/what-neurodiversity-movement-doesand.html Chapman, R. (2020). The reality of autism: On the metaphysics of disorder and diversity. Philosophical Psychology, 33(6), 799–819. Crane, L., Hearst, C., Ashworth, M., Davies, J., & Hill, E. L. (2020). Supporting newly identified or diagnosed autistic adults: An initial evaluation of an autistic-led programme. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(3), 892–905. Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. Nader, A. M., Courchesne, V., Dawson, M., & Soulières, I. (2014). Does WISC-IV underestimate the intelligence of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2270-z. Goffman E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity.Prentice-Hall. Sheffer, E. (2018). Asperger’s children: The origins of autism in Nazi Vienna. WW Norton & Company. Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Blayney, J. A., Dillworth, T., Zimmerman, L., & Kaysen, D. (2015). Racial/ethnic differences in identity and mental health outcomes among young sexual minority women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 380–390. Kelly, B., Williams, S., Collins, S., Mushtaq, F., Mon-Williams, M., Wright, B., Mason, D., & Wright, J. (2019). The association between socioeconomic status and autism diagnosis in the United Kingdom for children aged 5–8 years of age: Findings from the Born in Bradford cohort. Autism, 23(1), 131–140. Hannon, M. D. (2017). Acknowledging intersectionality: An autoethnography of a Black school counselor educator and father of a student with autism. Journal of Negro Education, 86(2), 154–162. Botha, M., & Frost, D. M. (2020). Extending the minority stress model to understand mental health problems experienced by the autistic population. Society and Mental Health, |
| References_xml | – reference: Barber, B. K. (2008). Contrasting portraits of war: Youths’ varied experiences with political violence in Bosnia and Palestine. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(4), 298–309. – reference: Mallory, A. B., & Russell, S. T. (2021). Intersections of racial discrimination and LGB victimization for mental health: a prospective study of sexual minority youth of color. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(7), 1353–1368. – reference: Parkinson, J. (2014). Gender dysphoria in Asperger’s syndrome: A caution. Australasian Psychiatry, 22(1), 84–85. – reference: Sheffer, E. (2018). Asperger’s children: The origins of autism in Nazi Vienna. WW Norton & Company. – reference: Goffman E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity.Prentice-Hall. – reference: Mogensen, L., & Mason, J. (2015). The meaning of a label for teenagers negotiating identity: Experiences with autism spectrum disorder. Sociology of Health & Illness, 37(2), 255–269. – reference: Hooks, B. (1981). Ain’t I A Woman: Black women and feminism. Routledge. – reference: Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. – reference: ASAN (2021). Working towards racial justice in ASAN and the autistic community. https://autisticadvocacy.org/2021/07/working-towards-racial-justice-in-asan-and-the-autistic-community/ – reference: Cage, E., & Troxell-Whitman, Z. (2019). Understanding the reasons, contexts and costs of camouflaging for autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899–1911. – reference: Telles, E., & Paschel, T. (2014). Who is black, white, or mixed race? How skin color, status, and nation shape racial classification in Latin America. American Journal of Sociology, 120(3), 864–907. – reference: Dekker, M. (2020). From exclusion to acceptance: Independent living on the frontline. In S. K.Kapp (Ed.), Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement: Stories from the frontline (pp. 41–49). Palgrave Macmillan. – reference: Straus, J. N. (2013). Autism as culture. In L. J.Davis (Ed.), The disability studies reader (4th ed., pp. 460–484). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203077887. – reference: Lambert, N. M., Stillman, T. F., Hicks, J. A., Kamble, S., Baumeister, R. F., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). To belong is to matter: Sense of belonging enhances meaning in life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(11), 1418–1427. – reference: Young-Bruehl, E. (1998). The anatomy of prejudices. Harvard University Press. – reference: Bowleg, L., Huang, J., Brooks, K., Black, A., & Burkholder, G. (2003). Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among Black lesbians. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7(4), 87–108. – reference: Frost, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2012). Measuring community connectedness among diverse sexual minority populations. Journal of Sex Research, 49(1), 36–49. – reference: Nicolaidis, C., Raymaker, D. M., Ashkenazy, E., McDonald, K. E., Dern, S., Baggs, A. E., Kapp, S. K., Weiner, M., & Boisclair, W. C. (2015). ‘Respect the way I need to communicate with you’: Healthcare experiences of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 19(7), 824–831. – reference: Scandurra, C., Carbone, A., Baiocco, R., Mezzalira, S., Maldonato, N. M., & Bochicchio, V. (2021). Gender identity milestones, minority stress and mental health in three generational cohorts of Italian binary and nonbinary transgender people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9057. – reference: Bagatell, N. (2010). From cure to community: Transforming notions of autism. Ethos, 38(1), 33–55. – reference: Frost, K. M., Bailey, K. M., & Ingersoll, B. R. (2019). “I just want them to see me as… me”: Identity, community, and disclosure practices among college students on the autism spectrum. Autism in Adulthood, 1(4), 268–275. – reference: Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Blayney, J. A., Dillworth, T., Zimmerman, L., & Kaysen, D. (2015). Racial/ethnic differences in identity and mental health outcomes among young sexual minority women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 380–390. – reference: de Hooge, A. N. (2019). Binary boys: autism, aspie supremacy and post/humanist normativity. Disability Studies Quarterly, 39(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v39i1.6461. – reference: Tucker, K. (2021). Why the autism defense failed in Charleston shooter Dylann Roof’s appeal. Law. https://www.law.com/2021/08/26/why-the-autism-defense-failed-in-charleston-shooter-dylann-roofs-appeal/ – reference: Kapp, S. K., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Sherman, L. E., & Hutman, T. (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59–71. – reference: Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Ann Gernsbacher, M., & Mottron, L. (2007). The level and nature of autistic intelligence. Psychological Science, 18(8), 657–662. – reference: Mallipeddi, N. V., & VanDaalen, R. A. (2021). Intersectionality within critical autism studies: A narrative review. Autism in Adulthood. Online Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2021.0014. – reference: Perrin, P. B., Sutter, M. E., Trujillo, M. A., Henry, R. S., & Pugh, M., Jr (2020). The minority strengths model: Development and initial path analytic validation in racially/ethnically diverse LGBTQ individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 118–136. – reference: Anderson, C. (2016). White rage: The unspoken truth of our racial divide. Bloomsbury Publishing. – reference: Brown, L. X. (2022, February 5). The autistic community has been the single most intense source of my repeated retraumatization over the last 10+ years I’ve been involved with it due to the abuse and toxicity I’ve dealt with over and over again. Twitter. – reference: Grinker, R. R. (2015). Reframing the science and anthropology of autism. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 39(2), 345–350. – reference: Pripas-Kapit, S. (2020). Historicizing Jim Sinclair’s “Don’t mourn for us”: A cultural and intellectual history of neurodiversity’s first manifesto. In S. K.Kapp (Ed.), Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement (pp. 23–39). Palgrave Macmillan. – reference: Strauss, P., Cook, A., Watson, V., Winter, S., Whitehouse, A., Albrecht, N., Toussaint, D. W., & Lin, A. (2021). Mental health difficulties among trans and gender diverse young people with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Findings from trans pathways. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137, 360–367. – reference: Cooper, K., Smith, L. G., & Russell, A. (2017). Social identity, self‐esteem, and mental health in autism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 844–854. – reference: Davenport, L. (2020). The fluidity of racial classifications. Annual Review of Political Science, 23, 221–240. – reference: Parks, C. A., Hughes, T. L., & Matthews, A. K. (2004). Race/ethnicity and sexual orientation: Intersecting identities. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(3), 241–254. – reference: Silberman, S. (2015). Neurotribes: The legacy of autism and the future of neurodiversity. Penguin. – reference: Frost, D. M., Hammack, P. L., Wilson, B. D., Russell, S. T., Lightfoot, M., & Meyer, I. H. (2020). The qualitative interview in psychology and the study of social change: Sexual identity development, minority stress, and health in the generations study. Qualitative Psychology, 7(3), 245. – reference: Nader, A. M., Courchesne, V., Dawson, M., & Soulières, I. (2014). Does WISC-IV underestimate the intelligence of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2270-z. – reference: Smith, I. C., Edelstein, J. A., Cox, B. E., & White, S. W. (2018). Parental disclosure of ASD diagnosis to the child: A systematic review. Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 3(2), 98–105. – reference: Grov, C., Bimbi, D. S., Nanín, J. E., & Parsons, J. T. (2006). Race, ethnicity, gender, and generational factors associated with the coming‐out process among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Sex Research, 43(2), 115–121. – reference: Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G.Austin, & S.Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole. – reference: Sinclair, J. (2010). Being autistic together. Disability Studies Quarterly, 30(1. – reference: Floris, D. L., Wolfers, T., Zabihi, M., Holz, N. E., Zwiers, M. P., Charman, T., Tillman, J., Ecker, C., Dell’Acqua, F., Banaschewski, T., Moessnang, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Holt, R., Durston, S., Loth, E., Murphy, D. G. M., Marquand, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Beckmann, C. F., & EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project Group. (2021). Atypical brain asymmetry in autism—a candidate for clinically meaningful stratification. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 6(8), 802–812. – reference: Jaswal, V. K., & Akhtar, N. (2019). Being versus appearing socially uninterested: Challenging assumptions about social motivation in autism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, e82. – reference: Wright, D. J. (2021). Autism has a race problem. Medium.https://weareautastic.medium.com/autism-has-a-race-problem-3c706a37d5a9 – reference: Whitlock, A., Fulton, K., Lai, M. C., Pellicano, E., & Mandy, W. (2020). Recognition of girls on the autism spectrum by primary school educators: An experimental study. Autism Research, 13(8), 1358–1372. – reference: Crane, L., Hearst, C., Ashworth, M., Davies, J., & Hill, E. L. (2020). Supporting newly identified or diagnosed autistic adults: An initial evaluation of an autistic-led programme. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(3), 892–905. – reference: Creece, A. (2019). Autism is no defence for cruelty. SBS News.https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/voices/health/article/2018/06/22/autism-no-defence-cruelty – reference: Ward, M. J., & Meyer, R. N. (1999). Self-determination for people with developmental disabilities and autism: Two self-advocates’ perspectives. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14(3), 133–139. – reference: Ballou, E. (2018, February 6). What the neurodiversity movement does – and doesn’t – offer. Thinking Person’s Guide to Autism. http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2018/02/what-neurodiversity-movement-doesand.html – reference: Baron-Cohen, S. (2019, April 30). The concept of neurodiversity is dividing the autism community. Scientific American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-concept-of-neurodiversity-is-dividing-the-autism-community/ – reference: Jones, R. S., Huws, J. C., & Beck, G. (2013). ‘I’m not the only person out there’: Insider and outsider understandings of autism. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 59(2), 134–144. – reference: Riggle, E. D., Rostosky, S. S., Black, W. W., & Rosenkrantz, D. E. (2017). Outness, concealment, and authenticity: Associations with LGB individuals’ psychological distress and well-being. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(1), 54. – reference: Whitfield, D. L., Walls, N. E., Langenderfer-Magruder, L., & Clark, B. (2014). Queer is the new black? Not so much: Racial disparities in anti-LGBTQ discrimination. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 26(4), 426–440. – reference: Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2(3), 217–250. – reference: Baggs, M. (2010, March 7). Aspie supremacy can kill. Ballastexistenz. https://ballastexistenz.wordpress.com/2010/03/07/aspie-supremacy-can-kill/ – reference: Meyer, I. H., Russell, S. T., Hammack, P. L., Frost, D. M., & Wilson, B. D. (2021). Minority stress, distress, and suicide attempts in three cohorts of sexual minority adults: A U.S. probability sample. PLoS One, 16(3), e0246827. – reference: Zeldovich, L. (2018, November 7). How history forgot the woman who defined autism. Spectrum News. https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/history-forgot-woman-defined-autism/ – reference: Kapp, S. K. (Ed.) (2020). Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement: Stories from the frontline. Springer Nature. – reference: Aylward, B. S., Gal-Szabo, D. E., & Taraman, S. (2021). Racial, ethnic, and sociodemographic disparities in diagnosis of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 42(8), 682–689. – reference: Peña, E. V. (Ed.). (2019). Leaders Around Me: Autobiographies of Autistics who type, point, & spell to communicate. – reference: Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2004). Ethnic/racial differences in the coming-out process of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: a comparison of sexual identity development over time. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(3), 215–228. – reference: Di Natale, V. (2018). Autism doesn’t kill women, toxic masculinity does. SBS News.https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/autism-doesnt-kill-women-toxic-masculinity-does/e72c4x6xd – reference: Ortega, F., & Choudhury, S. (2011). ‘Wired up differently’: Autism, adolescence and the politics of neurological identities. Subjectivity, 4(3), 323–345. – reference: Dyar, C., & London, B. (2018). Longitudinal examination of a bisexual-specific minority stress process among bisexual cisgender women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(3), 342–360. – reference: Botha, M., Dibb, B., & Frost, D. M. (2020). “Autism is me”: an investigation of how autistic individuals make sense of autism and stigma. Disability & Society, 1–27. – reference: Dovidio, J. F., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). Under the radar: how unexamined biases in decision-making processes in clinical interactions can contribute to health care disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 945–952. – reference: Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S. M., Lee, R. M., CrossJr, W. E., Rivas‐Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., Yip, T., & Ethnic and racial identity in the 21st century study group. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: An integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 85(1), 21–39. – reference: Jones, D. R., Nicolaidis, C., Ellwood, L. J., Garcia, A., Johnson, K. R., Lopez, K., & Waisman T. C. (2020). An expert discussion on structural racism in autism research and practice. Autism in Adulthood, 2(4), 273–281. – reference: Moskowitz, D. A., Rendina, H. J., Alvarado Avila, A., & Mustanski, B. (2021). Demographic and social factors impacting coming out as a sexual minority among generation-Z teenage boys. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000484. – reference: Chapman, R. (2020). The reality of autism: On the metaphysics of disorder and diversity. Philosophical Psychology, 33(6), 799–819. – reference: Chen, J. M., de Paula Couto, M. C. P., Sacco, A. M., & Dunham, Y. (2018). To be or not to be (black or multiracial or white): cultural variation in racial boundaries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(7), 763–772. – reference: Moore, I., Morgan, G., Welham, A., & Russell, G. (2022). The intersection of autism and gender in the negotiation of identity: A systematic review and metasynthesis. Feminism & Psychology, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/09593535221074806. – reference: Kelly, B., Williams, S., Collins, S., Mushtaq, F., Mon-Williams, M., Wright, B., Mason, D., & Wright, J. (2019). The association between socioeconomic status and autism diagnosis in the United Kingdom for children aged 5–8 years of age: Findings from the Born in Bradford cohort. Autism, 23(1), 131–140. – reference: Gillespie-Lynch, K., Dwyer, P., Constantino, C., Kapp, S. K., Hotez, E., Riccio, A., DeNigris, D., Kofner, B., & Endlich, E. (2020). Can we broaden the neurodiversity movement without weakening it? Participatory approaches as a framework for cross-disability alliance building. Disability Alliances and Allies, 12. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-354720200000012013. – reference: Hirvikoski, T., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Boman, M., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & Bölte, S. (2016). Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 232–238. – reference: Jamil, O. B., Harper, G. W., & Fernandez, M. I. (2009). Sexual and ethnic identity development among gay–bisexual–questioning (GBQ) male ethnic minority adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(3), 203–214. – reference: Durkin, M. S., Maenner, M. J., Baio, J., Christensen, D., Daniels, J., Fitzgerald, R., Imm, P., Lee, L.C., Schieve, L. A., Van Naarden Braun, K., Wingate, M. S., & Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder among US children (2002–2010): socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 107(11), 1818–1826. – reference: King, J. B., Prigge, M. B., King, C. K., Morgan, J., Weathersby, F., Fox, J. C., & Bigler, E. D. (2019). Generalizability and reproducibility of functional connectivity in autism. Molecular Autism, 10, 27. – reference: Giwa Onaiwu, M. (2020). “They don’t know, don’t show, or don’t care”: autism’s white privilege problem. Autism in Adulthood, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0077. – reference: Oredipe, T., Kofner, B., Riccio, A., Cage, E., Vincent, J., Kapp, S. K., Dwyer, P., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (in press). Does learning you are autistic at a younger age lead to better adult outcomes? A participatory exploration of the perspectives of autistic university students. Autism. – reference: Lorde, A. (2003). The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house. Feminist postcolonial theory: A reader. Edinburgh University Press. – reference: Bilodeau, B. L., & Renn, K. A. (2005). Analysis of LGBT identity development models and implications for practice. New Directions for Student Services, 2005(111), 25–39. – reference: Hannon, M. D. (2017). Acknowledging intersectionality: An autoethnography of a Black school counselor educator and father of a student with autism. Journal of Negro Education, 86(2), 154–162. – reference: Crenshaw, K. (2018). Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality, more than two decades later. Columbia Law School. https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality-more-two-decades-later – reference: Fenton, A., & Krahn, T. (2007). Autism, Neurodiversity, and Equality Beyond the “Normal”. Journal of Ethics in Mental Health, 2(2), 1–6. – reference: Jones, J. L., Gallus, K. L., Viering, K. L., & Oseland, L. M. (2015). ‘Are you by chance on the spectrum?’ Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder making sense of their diagnoses. Disability & Society, 30(10), 1490–1504. – reference: Chandler, M. J., & Lalonde, C. E. (2009). Cultural continuity as a moderator of suicide risk among Canada’s first nations. In L. J.Kirmayer & G. G.Valaskakis (Eds.), Healing traditions: The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. UBC press. – reference: Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2019). Sexual minority youth, social change, and health: A developmental collision. Research in Human Development, 16(1), 5–20. – reference: Botha, M., & Cage, E. (in preparation). “Autism Research is in Crisis”: A mixed method study of researcher’s constructions of autistic people and autism research. – reference: Mandell, D. S., Ittenbach, R. F., Levy, S. E., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2007). Disparities in diagnoses received prior to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1795–1802. – reference: Fields, K. E., & Fields, B. J. (2014). Racecraft: The soul of inequality in American life. Verso Books. – reference: Bishop, M. D., Fish, J. N., Hammack, P. L., & Russell, S. T. (2020). Sexual identity development milestones in three generations of sexual minority people: A national probability sample. Developmental Psychology, 56(11), 2177–2193. – reference: Crompton, C. J., Hallett, S., Ropar, D., Flynn, E., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2020). ‘I never realised everybody felt as happy as I do when I am around autistic people’: A thematic analysis of autistic adults’ relationships with autistic and neurotypical friends and family. Autism, 24(6), 1438–1448. – reference: Rich, A. J., Salway, T., Scheim, A., & Poteat, T. (2020). Sexual minority stress theory: remembering and honoring the work of Virginia Brooks. LGBT Health, 7(30), 124–127. – reference: Orsini, M. (2009). Contesting the autistic subject: Biological citizenship and the autism/autistic movement. In S. J.Murray & D.Holmes (Eds.), Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Healthcare. Routledge. – reference: Fadus, M. C., Ginsburg, K. R., Sobowale, K., Halliday-Boykins, C. A., Bryant, B. E., Gray, K. M., & Squeglia, L. M. (2020). Unconscious bias and the diagnosis of disruptive behavior disorders and ADHD in African American and Hispanic youth. Academic Psychiatry, 44(1), 95–102. – reference: Gernsbacher, M. A. (2015). Diverse brains. The General Psychologist, 49(2), 29–37. – reference: Chapman, R. (2021). Neurodiversity and the social ecology of mental functions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1360–1372. – reference: Fusar-Poli, L., Brondino, N., Politi, P., & Aguglia, E. (2020). Missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of adults with autism spectrum disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 272, 187–198. – reference: Torchia, M., Calabrò, A., & Morner, M. (2015). Board of directors’ diversity, creativity, and cognitive conflict: The role of board members’ interaction. International Studies of Management & Organization, 45(1), 6–24. – reference: Lewis, L. F. (2016). Exploring the experience of self-diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(5), 575–580. – reference: DeCuir-Gunby, J. T. (2009). A review of the racial identity development of African American adolescents: The role of education. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 103–124. – reference: Diamond, L. M. (2006). What we got wrong about sexual identity development: Unexpected findings from a longitudinal study of young women. In A. M.Omoto & H. S.Kurtzman (Eds.), Sexual orientation and mental health: Examining identity and development in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people (pp. 73–94). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11261-004. – reference: Bailin, A. (2019, June 6). Clearing up some misconceptions about neurodiversity. Scientific American.https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/clearing-up-some-misconceptions-about-neurodiversity/ – reference: Ronson, J. (2016). So you’ve been publicly shamed. Riverhead Books. – reference: Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951. – reference: Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the future together: Shaping autism research through meaningful participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953. – reference: O’Dell, L., Bertilsdotter Rosqvist, H., Ortega, F., Brownlow, C., & Orsini, M. (2016). Critical autism studies: exploring epistemic dialogues and intersections, challenging dominant understandings of autism. Disability & Society, 31(2), 166–179. – reference: Miller, R. A., Nachman, B. R., & Wynn, R. D. (2020). “I feel like they are all interconnected”: Understanding the identity management narratives of autistic LGBTQ college students. College Student Affairs Journal, 38(1), 1–15. – reference: Chapman, R., & Carel, H. (in press). Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life. The Journal of Social Philosophy. – reference: Blume, H. (1998, September). Neurodiversity: On the neurological underpinnings of geekdom. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/09/neurodiversity/305909/ – reference: Smith, K. (2021, June 29). The Autistic community use BIPOC for clout. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/fkastix/status/1409754469600956419 – reference: Kiekens, W. J., la Roi, C., & Dijkstra, J. K. (2020). Sexual identity disparities in mental health among U.K. adults, U.S. adults, and U.S. adolescents: Examining heterogeneity by race/ethnicity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 8(4), 407–419. – reference: Brooks, V. R (1981). Minority stress and lesbian women. Free Press. – reference: Cross Jr., WE (1971). The negro-to-black conversion experience. Black World, 20(9), 13–27. – reference: Crane, L., Lui, L. M., Davies, J., & Pellicano, E. (2021). Autistic parents’ views and experiences of talking about autism with their autistic children. Autism, 25(4), 1161–1167. – reference: Goldberg Edelson, M. (2006). Are the majority of children with autism mentally retarded? A systematic evaluation of the data. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21(2), 66–83. – reference: McGuire, A. (2016). War on autism: On the cultural logic of normative violence. University of Michigan Press. – reference: Strand, L. R. (2017). Charting relations between intersectionality theory and the neurodiversity paradigm. Disability Studies Quarterly, 37(2. – reference: Baker, D. L. (2011). The politics of neurodiversity: Why public policy matters. Lynne Rienner Publishers. – reference: Lick, D. J., Durso, L. E., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minorities. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(5), 521–548. – reference: Bränström, R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2021). Country-level structural stigma, identity concealment, and day-to-day discrimination as determinants of transgender people’s life satisfaction. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(9), 1–9. – reference: Humphrey, N., & Lewis, S. (2008). ‘Make me normal’: The views and experiences of pupils on the autistic spectrum in mainstream secondary schools. Autism, 12(1), 23–46. – reference: Hickey, A., Crabtree, J., & Stott, J. (2018). ‘Suddenly the first fifty years of my life made sense’: Experiences of older people with autism. Autism, 22(3), 357–367. – reference: Erving, C. L., Thomas, C. S., & Frazier, C. (2019). Is the black-White mental health paradox consistent across gender and psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Epidemiology, 188(2), 314–322. – reference: Ryan Idriss, C. (2021). Invisible autistic infrastructure: Ethnographic reflections on an autistic community. Medical Anthropology, 40(2), 129–140. – reference: Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. A. (1996). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life (1st Free Press pbk. ed). Simon & Schuster. – reference: Kisler, K. A. (2013). Minority stress and HIV risk behavior among HIV-positive bisexual black men with histories of childhood sexual abuse. University of California. – reference: Tobin, C. S. T. (2021). Distinguishing distress from disorder: Black-white patterns in the determinants of and links between depressive symptoms and major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 510–517. – reference: Farahar, C. (in press). Autistic identity, culture, community & space for wellbeing. In Critical Autism Studies (1st ed.). Routledge. – reference: Lai, M. C., Kassee, C., Besney, R., Bonato, S., Hull, L., Mandy, W., Szatmari, P., & Ameis, S. H. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 819–829. – reference: Cascio, M. A., Weiss, J. A., & Racine, E. (2021). Making autism research inclusive by attending to intersectionality: A review of the research ethics literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(1), 22–36. – reference: Huws, J. C., & Jones, R. S. (2011). Missing voices: Representations of autism in British newspapers, 1999–2008. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(2), 98–104. – reference: Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. – reference: Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Guillaume, D., Frazier, T., Jones, E., J. H., Jones, R. M., Pickles, A., State, M. W., Lounds Taylor, J., & Veentra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews: Disease Primers, 6(1), 5. – reference: Botha, M., & Frost, D. M. (2020). Extending the minority stress model to understand mental health problems experienced by the autistic population. Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20–34. – reference: Nicolaidis, C. (2012). What can physicians learn from the neurodiversity movement. AMA Journal of Ethics, 14(6), 503–510. – reference: Wexler, L. M., DiFluvio, G., & Burke, T. K. (2009). Resilience and marginalized youth: Making a case for personal and collective meaning-making as part of resilience research in public health. Social Science & Medicine, 69(4), 565–570. – reference: Coll, C. G., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., Wasik, B. H., Jenkins, R., Garcia, H. V., & McAdoo, H. P. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914. – reference: Stephens, E., & Cryle, P. (2017). Eugenics and the normal body: the role of visual images and intelligence testing in framing the treatment of people with disabilities in the early twentieth century. Continuum, 31(3), 365–376. – reference: Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum. – reference: Jellett, R., & Muggleton, J. (2021). Implications of applying “clinically significant impairment” to autism assessment: Commentary on six problems encountered in clinical practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(6), 1–10. – reference: Strang, J. F., van der Miesen, A. I., Caplan, R., Hughes, C., daVanport, S., & Lai, M. C. (2020). Both sex-and gender-related factors should be considered in autism research and clinical practice. Autism, 24(3), 539–543. – reference: Mohr, J. (2009). Oppression by scientific method: The use of science to “other” sexual minorities. Journal of Hate Studies, 7, 21–45. – reference: Tan, C. D. (2018). “I’m a normal autistic person, not an abnormal neurotypical”: Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis as biographical illumination. Social Science & Medicine, 197, 161–167. – reference: Pyne, J. (2021). Autistic disruptions, trans temporalities. South Atlantic Quarterly, 120(2), 343–361. – reference: Teo, T. (2011). Empirical race psychology and the hermeneutics of epistemological violence. Human Studies, 34(3), 237–255. – reference: Riccio, A., Kapp, S. K., Jordan, A., Dorelien, A. M., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (2021). How is autistic identity in adolescence influenced by parental disclosure decisions and perceptions of autism. Autism, 25(2), 374–388. – reference: English, D., Rendina, H. J., & Parsons, J. T. (2018). The effects of intersecting stigma: A longitudinal examination of minority stress, mental health, and substance use among Black, Latino, and multiracial gay and bisexual men. Psychology of Violence, 8(6), 669–679. – reference: Kosciw, J. G., Palmer, N. A., & Kull, R. M. (2015). Reflecting resiliency: Openness about sexual orientation and/or gender identity and its relationship to well-being and educational outcomes for LGBT students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1–2), 167–178. – reference: Moore, K. L., Camacho, D., & Munson, M. R. (2020). Identity negotiation processes among Black and Latinx sexual minority young adult mental health service users. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 32(1), 21–48. – reference: Szymanski, D. M., & Gupta, A. (2009). Examining the relationship between multiple internalized oppressions and African American lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning persons’ self-esteem and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 110–118. – reference: Iacono, T., Douglas, S. N., Garcia-Melgar, A., & Goldbart, J. (2022). A scoping review of AAC research conducted in segregated school settings. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 120, 104141. – reference: Botha, M. (2021). Academic, activist, or advocate? angry, entangled, and emerging: A critical reflection on autism knowledge production. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727542. – reference: Leedham, A., Thompson, A. R., Smith, R., & Freeth, M. (2020). ‘I was exhausted trying to figure it out’: The experiences of females receiving an autism diagnosis in middle to late adulthood. Autism, 24(1), 135–146. – reference: Chapman, R., & Veit, W. (2020). Representing the autism spectrum. The American Journal of Bioethics, 20(4), 46–48. – reference: Davidson, J., & Orsini, M. (Eds.). (2013). Worlds of autism: Across the spectrum of neurological difference. University of Minnesota Press. – reference: Weir, E., Allison, C., Warrier, V., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2021). Increased prevalence of non-communicable physical health conditions among autistic adults. Autism, 25(3), 681–694. – reference: Fassinger, R. E., & Miller, B. A. (1997). Validation of an inclusive model of sexual minority identity formation on a sample of gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 32(2), 53–78. – reference: Pamplin, J. R., II., & Bates, L. M. (2021). Evaluating hypothesized explanations for the Black-white depression paradox: A critical review of the extant evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 281,114085. – reference: Orsini, M., & Smith, M. (2010). Social movements, knowledge and public policy: the case of autism activism in Canada and the US. Critical Policy Studies, 4(1), 38–57. – reference: Brah, A., & Phoenix, A. (2004). Ain’t I A Woman? Revisiting intersectionality. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 5(3), 75–86. – reference: Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M. C., & Mandy, W. (2017). “Putting on my best normal”: social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519–2534. – reference: Botha, M., Dibb, B., & Frost, D. M. (2022). “It’s being a part of a grand tradition, a grand counter-culture”: A qualitative investigation of autistic community connectedness. Autism. – reference: Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: a review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747–770. – reference: Gould, S. J., & Gold, S. J. (1996). The mismeasure of man. WW Norton & Company. – reference: Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Intersectionality and feminist politics. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(3), 193–209. – reference: Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56. – reference: Scully, J., & Shakespeare, T. (2019). Report on the impact of ableism in medical and scientific practice (A/HRC/43/41; special rapporteur on disability). United Nations of Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Disability/SRDisabilities/Pages/BioethicsDisabilities.aspx – reference: Baggs, M. (2016, May 1). Here is ableism somewhere at the heart of your oppression, no matter what your oppression might be. Ballastexistenz.https://ballastexistenz.wordpress.com/2016/05/01/there-is-ableism-somewhere-at-the-heart-of-your-oppression-no-matter-what-your-oppression-might-be/ – reference: Meyer, I. H. (2010). Identity, stress, and resilience in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals of color. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(3), 442–454. – reference: Singer, J. (2017). Neurodiversity: The birth of an idea. – reference: Singh, J. S., & Bunyak, G. (2019). Autism disparities: A systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 29(6), 796–808. – reference: Milton, D. E. (2012). On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’. Disability & Society, 27(6), 883–887. – reference: Barnett, J. P. (2017). Intersectional harassment and deviant embodiment among autistic adults:(dis) ability, gender and sexuality. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 19(11), 1210–1224. – reference: Huang, Y., Arnold, S. R., Foley, K. R., & Trollor, J. N. (2020). Diagnosis of autism in adulthood: A scoping review. Autism, 24(6), 1311–1327. – reference: Haltom, T. M., & Ratcliff, S. (2021). Effects of sex, race, and education on the timing of coming out among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the US. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(3), 1107–1120. – reference: Ansara, Y. G., & Hegarty, P. (2012). Cisgenderism in psychology: Pathologising and misgendering children from 1999 to 2008. Psychology & Sexuality, 3(2), 137–160. |
| SSID | ssj0005679 |
| Score | 2.5738387 |
| Snippet | Abstract
Singer intended for neurodiversity to be a new category of intersectionality. However, intersectionality has been neglected in autism research and... |
| SourceID | karger |
| SourceType | Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 93 |
| Title | Come as You Are: Examining Autistic Identity Development and the Neurodiversity Movement through an Intersectional Lens |
| URI | https://karger.com/doi/10.1159/000524123 |
| Volume | 66 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000844129300002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3JTsMwEB2xCXFhaUEsBc0B9dRIjRMTm1sFRRwo6qFIvVWOlwtqqNqy9O-Z2KEFJCQulrI4TmzLM-O8eQ_gUkktr2Klo5QZKpJSDbAtDBUpl9yRibHGi01kj49iOJT9ar-jzIV5LvHPnhp1yS1ABtdLz5GtYck6bJLBjUuRhl4UrcAcV4FVrx2LiCKAYZnFQbOV5jOXMvDsLI_bFcHQj-eSAQpNf7Mud3v_f6992K08SOyEIT-ANVvUoN4pKHoeL7CJHtPpN8trsN2rfp3XoNkPJNWLFg5WOVezlq-xpK9e1OGdlgiLaoa0EFAr9hq7H2rsdSSwQ3VKYmes8nsX-A10hKowSP4kesIP8wX4wN6L5ySfY6UJRPeh34iceRhY-TEPFEwfwtNdd3BzH1XyDJFO4mQeZSxnOfkTCeMi19awXOlE2DZTFBKleeycs1JwJTOTstwoI5Rimoyh01mmuEiOYKN4KewxIFeKPB3OVMJ1aqyTxjjunIgz44Q07AQOwwCMJoGDYxR6_QQav87f33bDpdHEuNM_qp3BDiuzGDxusQEb8-mrPYct_UZ9OL3wM-sTbNrG2Q |
| linkProvider | Karger AG |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3JTsMwEB1BQcCFpYAo6xwQJyI1TkxsbhUUFdFWHIrUW-V4uSAComXp3zOxQ1kkJC6Wskyc2JZnyZs3AMdKankWKx2lzFCTlNUAm8JQk3LJHakYa3yxiazfF8OhvK3iHWUuzH2Jf_bUqDNuAVK4vvQc6RqWzMNCJslmKEF6UfQF5jgLrHrNWETkAQzLLA5arbSeuZSBZ2d23KwIhn48lxRQ6Pqbdrla-_97rcNqZUFiK0z5BszZog6brYK854cpnqDHdPpgeR2WetWv8zqc3AaS6ukpDr5yrsanXmJGXz3dhDfaIiyqMdJGQL3Yc2y_qwdfRwJbJFMSO2OV3zvFb6AjVIVBsifRE36YT8AH9h49J_kEq5pAdB_6QOTYw8DKj-mSM70Fd1ftwUUnqsozRDqJk0mUsZzlZE8kjItcW8NypRNhm0yRS5TmsXPOSsGVzEzKcqOMUIppUoZOZ5niItmGWvFY2B1ArhRZOpyphOvUWCeNcdw5EWfGCWlYA7bCBIyeAgfHKIx6A_Z_ne9ctsOl0ZNxu3-IHcFyZ9DrjrrX_Zs9WGFlRoPHMO5DbfL8Yg9gUb_SeD4f-lX2Afkgyc8 |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Come+as+You+Are%3A+Examining+Autistic+Identity+Development+and+the+Neurodiversity+Movement+through+an+Intersectional+Lens&rft.jtitle=Human+development&rft.au=Botha%2C+Monique&rft.au=Gillespie-Lynch%2C+Kristen&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft.isbn=9783318070590&rft.issn=0018-716X&rft.eissn=1423-0054&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=93&rft.epage=112&rft_id=info:doi/10.1159%2F000524123&rft.externalDocID=524123 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0018-716X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0018-716X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0018-716X&client=summon |

