Come as You Are: Examining Autistic Identity Development and the Neurodiversity Movement through an Intersectional Lens

Abstract Singer intended for neurodiversity to be a new category of intersectionality. However, intersectionality has been neglected in autism research and practice. This paper aims to inform an intersectional approach to autism by exploring autistic identity development in relation to other margina...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Human development Vol. 66; no. 2; pp. 93 - 112
Main Authors: Botha, Monique, Gillespie-Lynch, Kristen
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Basel, Switzerland 01.05.2022
Subjects:
ISBN:9783318070590, 3318070599
ISSN:0018-716X, 1423-0054
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Abstract Abstract Singer intended for neurodiversity to be a new category of intersectionality. However, intersectionality has been neglected in autism research and practice. This paper aims to inform an intersectional approach to autism by exploring autistic identity development in relation to other marginalized identities. We reviewed literature about neurodiversity, intersectionality, discrimination, and the identity development of autistic people, racial/ethnic minorities, and gender and sexual minorities. We discuss minority stress and evidence that cultural traditions alleviate it. Autistic culture can reframe personal difficulties as a politicized struggle. While the stereotype of autism is one of withdrawal, the history of autistic people coming together for justice defies this notion. Intersectionality teaches us that we must understand differences within the autistic community if we wish to help all autistic people experience the dignity they deserve. Using an intersectional lens, we can become more flexible in our understanding of positive autistic identity development and strategies to promote it.
AbstractList Abstract Singer intended for neurodiversity to be a new category of intersectionality. However, intersectionality has been neglected in autism research and practice. This paper aims to inform an intersectional approach to autism by exploring autistic identity development in relation to other marginalized identities. We reviewed literature about neurodiversity, intersectionality, discrimination, and the identity development of autistic people, racial/ethnic minorities, and gender and sexual minorities. We discuss minority stress and evidence that cultural traditions alleviate it. Autistic culture can reframe personal difficulties as a politicized struggle. While the stereotype of autism is one of withdrawal, the history of autistic people coming together for justice defies this notion. Intersectionality teaches us that we must understand differences within the autistic community if we wish to help all autistic people experience the dignity they deserve. Using an intersectional lens, we can become more flexible in our understanding of positive autistic identity development and strategies to promote it.
Author Gillespie-Lynch, Kristen
Botha, Monique
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Monique
  orcidid: 0000-0002-5935-9654
  surname: Botha
  fullname: Botha, Monique
  email: *Monique Botha, m.d.botha@stir.ac.uk, Kristen Gillespie-Lynch, kgillyn@gmail.com
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Kristen
  surname: Gillespie-Lynch
  fullname: Gillespie-Lynch, Kristen
  email: *Monique Botha, m.d.botha@stir.ac.uk, Kristen Gillespie-Lynch, kgillyn@gmail.com
BookMark eNpt0M1PwjAYBvCqmAjIwbuHJp6n_djW1hsBFBLUiyZ6It36DqqsJVuH8t87xIMHT2-e_J48h7eHOs47QOiCkmtKE3VDCElYTBk_QgMlJOdUEkGUVMeoS2PGo9bjk7-WKNJBXUKojARNX89Qr67f9zOpUF30OfIlYF3jN9_gYQW3ePKlS-usW-JhE2wdbI5nBlywYYfHsIW135RtxNoZHFaAH6GpvLFbqOp95cFv4cfDqvLNctX28MyFViEP1ju9xnNw9Tk6LfS6hsHv7aOXu8nzaBrNn-5no-E8yjnlIRIsYxlVhLNEZjkYlumcSyBMp2kaZ7QoClAy0UqYmGVGG6k1y2NBi1wInUjeR5eH3Q9dLaFabCpb6mq3ODyx5at_eTqeHBqLjSn4N8jbb5Q
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231220418
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40489_025_00504_2
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0105
crossref_primary_10_3389_fsoc_2025_1610206
crossref_primary_10_1080_20473869_2025_2555957
crossref_primary_10_3390_jintelligence12040045
crossref_primary_10_1080_00207284_2025_2484176
crossref_primary_10_1080_07448481_2025_2484558
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmed_2025_1481953
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2024_1504429
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40653_024_00624_7
crossref_primary_10_3390_sexes4010010
crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330241307828
crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251353565
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_023_06039_x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_reia_2025_202660
crossref_primary_10_1080_09503153_2024_2423405
crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251369785
crossref_primary_10_1002_icd_2467
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2024_0156
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_025_06881_1
crossref_primary_10_1177_21651434251337452
crossref_primary_10_1080_17454832_2023_2185646
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40489_025_00493_2
crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251346861
crossref_primary_10_1080_20473869_2025_2527252
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613251341012
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0077
crossref_primary_10_1111_chso_12898
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2021_0083
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241264887
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2021_0086
crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251350740
crossref_primary_10_1044_2023_AJSLP_23_00147
crossref_primary_10_1002_dvr2_12003
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0151
crossref_primary_10_1044_2025_PERSP_24_00322
crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251370652
crossref_primary_10_1080_09687599_2024_2424193
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2024_0326
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241297222
crossref_primary_10_1590_1679_395120230196
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613221142383
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241280835
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2024_0288
crossref_primary_10_1177_17455057231189542
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613221143590
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2024_0090
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0200
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231181622
crossref_primary_10_1080_08856257_2025_2460904
crossref_primary_10_1111_1440_1630_13002
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231166749
crossref_primary_10_1080_15283488_2025_2510266
crossref_primary_10_1080_01612840_2023_2239916
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0041
crossref_primary_10_1002_icd_70017
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241303547
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40841_025_00391_5
crossref_primary_10_1044_2025_PERSP_24_00156
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613251335738
crossref_primary_10_12688_hrbopenres_14046_1
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2024_0059
crossref_primary_10_1177_14614448231193091
crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2023_1223175
crossref_primary_10_1089_aut_2023_0119
crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330251329625
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231222656
crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330241253696
crossref_primary_10_1177_09593535241306532
crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2023_1197197
crossref_primary_10_1002_hrm_22286
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613221131752
crossref_primary_10_1080_08856257_2024_2407660
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eatbeh_2025_101951
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_023_06001_x
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231159165
crossref_primary_10_1002_aur_3081
crossref_primary_10_1044_2025_PERSP_24_00267
crossref_primary_10_1177_2156759X251359290
crossref_primary_10_1590_1679_395120230196x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jadohealth_2023_02_038
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2025_1499390
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241228329
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2024_117066
crossref_primary_10_1177_23969415231159552
crossref_primary_10_12688_hrbopenres_14196_1
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613241312445
crossref_primary_10_1177_27546330241291769
crossref_primary_10_1177_13623613231181477
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel
Copyright_xml – notice: 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel
DBID M--
DOI 10.1159/000524123
DatabaseName Karger Open Journals (Free, activated by CARLI)
DatabaseTitleList
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: M--
  name: Karger Open Journals (Free, activated by CARLI)
  url: https://www.karger.com/OpenAccess
  sourceTypes:
    Enrichment Source
    Publisher
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
Anatomy & Physiology
Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology
EISBN 9783318070989
331807098X
EISSN 1423-0054
EndPage 112
ExternalDocumentID 524123
GroupedDBID ---
--Z
-DZ
-~X
.55
.GJ
0-V
07C
0R~
0~5
0~B
1KJ
29I
30W
329
34G
39C
3O.
3V.
4.4
41~
53G
5GY
6P2
7X7
85S
88A
88E
88I
8A4
8AF
8AO
8FE
8FH
8FI
8FJ
8G5
8UI
AALGM
AAYIC
AAYJJ
ABBHK
ABDBF
ABIVO
ABJNI
ABPAZ
ABUWG
ABXSQ
ACBNA
ACGFO
ACGFS
ACGOD
ACHQT
ACNCT
ACPRK
ACPSR
ADACV
ADAGL
ADBBV
ADULT
AEGXH
AEJYH
AETEA
AEYAO
AFFNX
AFJJK
AFKRA
AIKWM
AILCM
ALDHI
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALSLI
ARALO
AVQMV
AZPMC
AZQEC
B-7
BBNVY
BCR
BCU
BEC
BENPR
BES
BHPHI
BKNYI
BKOMP
BLC
BPHCQ
BVXVI
CAG
CCPQU
CJNVE
COF
CS3
CYUIP
DWQXO
E0A
EBS
EJD
F20
F5P
FAC
FAS
FB.
FJW
FYUFA
G8K
GNUQQ
GUQSH
HCIFZ
HMCUK
HZ~
H~9
IY7
JAAYA
JENOY
JKPJF
JKQEH
JLXEF
JPL
JPM
JSODD
JST
JVCUD
K50
K9-
KUZGX
LK8
LPU
M--
M0L
M0P
M0R
M1D
M1P
M2M
M2O
M2P
M7P
MVM
N9A
NHB
O1H
O9-
OHT
OVD
P2P
PEA
PQEDU
PQQKQ
PRG
PROAC
PSQYO
PSYQQ
RIG
RKO
RWL
RXVBD
RXW
S0X
SA0
SJFOW
TAE
TAF
TEORI
TN5
TWZ
UJ6
UKHRP
UKR
UPT
UQL
V62
VQA
WH7
WHG
X7M
XJT
XOL
YQI
YYQ
Z0I
ZCA
ZCG
ZGI
ZKB
ZUP
ZXP
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c313t-72b2b1903258bced2bac38e02a6664b1fffe985a97d42bdad8aa2c471fc77a583
IEDL.DBID M--
ISBN 9783318070590
3318070599
ISICitedReferencesCount 85
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000844129300002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 0018-716X
IngestDate Thu Aug 29 12:04:25 EDT 2024
Sat Aug 31 21:00:33 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 2
Keywords Development
Intersectionality
Family relations
Cultural development
Autistic identity
Neurodiversity
Language English
License This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes requires written permission.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c313t-72b2b1903258bced2bac38e02a6664b1fffe985a97d42bdad8aa2c471fc77a583
ORCID 0000-0002-5935-9654
OpenAccessLink https://karger.com/doi/10.1159/000524123
PageCount 20
ParticipantIDs karger_primary_524123
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2022-05-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2022-05-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 05
  year: 2022
  text: 2022-05-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Basel, Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Basel, Switzerland
PublicationTitle Human development
PublicationTitleAlternate Human Development
PublicationYear 2022
References Ortega, F., & Choudhury, S. (2011). ‘Wired up differently’: Autism, adolescence and the politics of neurological identities. Subjectivity, 4(3), 323–345.
Mandell, D. S., Ittenbach, R. F., Levy, S. E., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2007). Disparities in diagnoses received prior to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1795–1802.
Peña, E. V. (Ed.). (2019). Leaders Around Me: Autobiographies of Autistics who type, point, & spell to communicate.
Tobin, C. S. T. (2021). Distinguishing distress from disorder: Black-white patterns in the determinants of and links between depressive symptoms and major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 510–517.
Mallipeddi, N. V., & VanDaalen, R. A. (2021). Intersectionality within critical autism studies: A narrative review. Autism in Adulthood. Online Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2021.0014.
Bowleg, L., Huang, J., Brooks, K., Black, A., & Burkholder, G. (2003). Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among Black lesbians. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7(4), 87–108.
Moskowitz, D. A., Rendina, H. J., Alvarado Avila, A., & Mustanski, B. (2021). Demographic and social factors impacting coming out as a sexual minority among generation-Z teenage boys. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000484.
ASAN (2021). Working towards racial justice in ASAN and the autistic community. https://autisticadvocacy.org/2021/07/working-towards-racial-justice-in-asan-and-the-autistic-community
Cooper, K., Smith, L. G., & Russell, A. (2017). Social identity, self‐esteem, and mental health in autism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 844–854.
Pamplin, J. R., II., & Bates, L. M. (2021). Evaluating hypothesized explanations for the Black-white depression paradox: A critical review of the extant evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 281,114085.
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2004). Ethnic/racial differences in the coming-out process of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: a comparison of sexual identity development over time. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(3), 215–228.
Chapman, R., & Veit, W. (2020). Representing the autism spectrum. The American Journal of Bioethics, 20(4), 46–48.
Crompton, C. J., Hallett, S., Ropar, D., Flynn, E., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2020). ‘I never realised everybody felt as happy as I do when I am around autistic people’: A thematic analysis of autistic adults’ relationships with autistic and neurotypical friends and family. Autism, 24(6), 1438–1448.
Anderson, C. (2016). White rage: The unspoken truth of our racial divide. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Crane, L., Lui, L. M., Davies, J., & Pellicano, E. (2021). Autistic parents’ views and experiences of talking about autism with their autistic children. Autism, 25(4), 1161–1167.
Davenport, L. (2020). The fluidity of racial classifications. Annual Review of Political Science, 23, 221–240.
Jones, R. S., Huws, J. C., & Beck, G. (2013). ‘I’m not the only person out there’: Insider and outsider understandings of autism. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 59(2), 134–144.
Grov, C., Bimbi, D. S., Nanín, J. E., & Parsons, J. T. (2006). Race, ethnicity, gender, and generational factors associated with the coming‐out process among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Sex Research, 43(2), 115–121.
Gould, S. J., & Gold, S. J. (1996). The mismeasure of man. WW Norton & Company.
Fields, K. E., & Fields, B. J. (2014). Racecraft: The soul of inequality in American life. Verso Books.
Fusar-Poli, L., Brondino, N., Politi, P., & Aguglia, E. (2020). Missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of adults with autism spectrum disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 272, 187–198.
Lewis, L. F. (2016). Exploring the experience of self-diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(5), 575–580.
King, J. B., Prigge, M. B., King, C. K., Morgan, J., Weathersby, F., Fox, J. C., & Bigler, E. D. (2019). Generalizability and reproducibility of functional connectivity in autism. Molecular Autism, 10, 27.
Hooks, B. (1981). Ain’t I A Woman: Black women and feminism. Routledge.
Scully, J., & Shakespeare, T. (2019). Report on the impact of ableism in medical and scientific practice (A/HRC/43/41; special rapporteur on disability). United Nations of Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Disability/SRDisabilities/Pages/BioethicsDisabilities.aspx
Sinclair, J. (2010). Being autistic together. Disability Studies Quarterly, 30(1.
Kisler, K. A. (2013). Minority stress and HIV risk behavior among HIV-positive bisexual black men with histories of childhood sexual abuse. University of California.
Nicolaidis, C., Raymaker, D. M., Ashkenazy, E., McDonald, K. E., Dern, S., Baggs, A. E., Kapp, S. K., Weiner, M., & Boisclair, W. C. (2015). ‘Respect the way I need to communicate with you’: Healthcare experiences of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 19(7), 824–831.
Floris, D. L., Wolfers, T., Zabihi, M., Holz, N. E., Zwiers, M. P., Charman, T., Tillman, J., Ecker, C., Dell’Acqua, F., Banaschewski, T., Moessnang, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Holt, R., Durston, S., Loth, E., Murphy, D. G. M., Marquand, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Beckmann, C. F., & EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project Group. (2021). Atypical brain asymmetry in autism—a candidate for clinically meaningful stratification. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 6(8), 802–812.
Kapp, S. K., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Sherman, L. E., & Hutman, T. (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59–71.
Ronson, J. (2016). So you’ve been publicly shamed. Riverhead Books.
Perrin, P. B., Sutter, M. E., Trujillo, M. A., Henry, R. S., & Pugh, M., Jr (2020). The minority strengths model: Development and initial path analytic validation in racially/ethnically diverse LGBTQ individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 118–136.
Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G.Austin, & S.Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.
Baggs, M. (2016, May 1). Here is ableism somewhere at the heart of your oppression, no matter what your oppression might be. Ballastexistenz.https://ballastexistenz.wordpress.com/2016/05/01/there-is-ableism-somewhere-at-the-heart-of-your-oppression-no-matter-what-your-oppression-might-be
Stephens, E., & Cryle, P. (2017). Eugenics and the normal body: the role of visual images and intelligence testing in framing the treatment of people with disabilities in the early twentieth century. Continuum, 31(3), 365–376.
Coll, C. G., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., Wasik, B. H., Jenkins, R., Garcia, H. V., & McAdoo, H. P. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914.
Dekker, M. (2020). From exclusion to acceptance: Independent living on the frontline. In S. K.Kapp (Ed.), Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement: Stories from the frontline (pp. 41–49). Palgrave Macmillan.
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56.
Botha, M. (2021). Academic, activist, or advocate? angry, entangled, and emerging: A critical reflection on autism knowledge production. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727542.
Moore, K. L., Camacho, D., & Munson, M. R. (2020). Identity negotiation processes among Black and Latinx sexual minority young adult mental health service users. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 32(1), 21–48.
Ballou, E. (2018, February 6). What the neurodiversity movement does – and doesn’t – offer. Thinking Person’s Guide to Autism. http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2018/02/what-neurodiversity-movement-doesand.html
Chapman, R. (2020). The reality of autism: On the metaphysics of disorder and diversity. Philosophical Psychology, 33(6), 799–819.
Crane, L., Hearst, C., Ashworth, M., Davies, J., & Hill, E. L. (2020). Supporting newly identified or diagnosed autistic adults: An initial evaluation of an autistic-led programme. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(3), 892–905.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
Nader, A. M., Courchesne, V., Dawson, M., & Soulières, I. (2014). Does WISC-IV underestimate the intelligence of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2270-z.
Goffman E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity.Prentice-Hall.
Sheffer, E. (2018). Asperger’s children: The origins of autism in Nazi Vienna. WW Norton & Company.
Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Blayney, J. A., Dillworth, T., Zimmerman, L., & Kaysen, D. (2015). Racial/ethnic differences in identity and mental health outcomes among young sexual minority women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 380–390.
Kelly, B., Williams, S., Collins, S., Mushtaq, F., Mon-Williams, M., Wright, B., Mason, D., & Wright, J. (2019). The association between socioeconomic status and autism diagnosis in the United Kingdom for children aged 5–8 years of age: Findings from the Born in Bradford cohort. Autism, 23(1), 131–140.
Hannon, M. D. (2017). Acknowledging intersectionality: An autoethnography of a Black school counselor educator and father of a student with autism. Journal of Negro Education, 86(2), 154–162.
Botha, M., & Frost, D. M. (2020). Extending the minority stress model to understand mental health problems experienced by the autistic population. Society and Mental Health,
References_xml – reference: Barber, B. K. (2008). Contrasting portraits of war: Youths’ varied experiences with political violence in Bosnia and Palestine. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(4), 298–309.
– reference: Mallory, A. B., & Russell, S. T. (2021). Intersections of racial discrimination and LGB victimization for mental health: a prospective study of sexual minority youth of color. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(7), 1353–1368.
– reference: Parkinson, J. (2014). Gender dysphoria in Asperger’s syndrome: A caution. Australasian Psychiatry, 22(1), 84–85.
– reference: Sheffer, E. (2018). Asperger’s children: The origins of autism in Nazi Vienna. WW Norton & Company.
– reference: Goffman E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity.Prentice-Hall.
– reference: Mogensen, L., & Mason, J. (2015). The meaning of a label for teenagers negotiating identity: Experiences with autism spectrum disorder. Sociology of Health & Illness, 37(2), 255–269.
– reference: Hooks, B. (1981). Ain’t I A Woman: Black women and feminism. Routledge.
– reference: Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.
– reference: ASAN (2021). Working towards racial justice in ASAN and the autistic community. https://autisticadvocacy.org/2021/07/working-towards-racial-justice-in-asan-and-the-autistic-community/
– reference: Cage, E., & Troxell-Whitman, Z. (2019). Understanding the reasons, contexts and costs of camouflaging for autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899–1911.
– reference: Telles, E., & Paschel, T. (2014). Who is black, white, or mixed race? How skin color, status, and nation shape racial classification in Latin America. American Journal of Sociology, 120(3), 864–907.
– reference: Dekker, M. (2020). From exclusion to acceptance: Independent living on the frontline. In S. K.Kapp (Ed.), Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement: Stories from the frontline (pp. 41–49). Palgrave Macmillan.
– reference: Straus, J. N. (2013). Autism as culture. In L. J.Davis (Ed.), The disability studies reader (4th ed., pp. 460–484). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203077887.
– reference: Lambert, N. M., Stillman, T. F., Hicks, J. A., Kamble, S., Baumeister, R. F., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). To belong is to matter: Sense of belonging enhances meaning in life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(11), 1418–1427.
– reference: Young-Bruehl, E. (1998). The anatomy of prejudices. Harvard University Press.
– reference: Bowleg, L., Huang, J., Brooks, K., Black, A., & Burkholder, G. (2003). Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among Black lesbians. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7(4), 87–108.
– reference: Frost, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2012). Measuring community connectedness among diverse sexual minority populations. Journal of Sex Research, 49(1), 36–49.
– reference: Nicolaidis, C., Raymaker, D. M., Ashkenazy, E., McDonald, K. E., Dern, S., Baggs, A. E., Kapp, S. K., Weiner, M., & Boisclair, W. C. (2015). ‘Respect the way I need to communicate with you’: Healthcare experiences of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 19(7), 824–831.
– reference: Scandurra, C., Carbone, A., Baiocco, R., Mezzalira, S., Maldonato, N. M., & Bochicchio, V. (2021). Gender identity milestones, minority stress and mental health in three generational cohorts of Italian binary and nonbinary transgender people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9057.
– reference: Bagatell, N. (2010). From cure to community: Transforming notions of autism. Ethos, 38(1), 33–55.
– reference: Frost, K. M., Bailey, K. M., & Ingersoll, B. R. (2019). “I just want them to see me as… me”: Identity, community, and disclosure practices among college students on the autism spectrum. Autism in Adulthood, 1(4), 268–275.
– reference: Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Blayney, J. A., Dillworth, T., Zimmerman, L., & Kaysen, D. (2015). Racial/ethnic differences in identity and mental health outcomes among young sexual minority women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 380–390.
– reference: de Hooge, A. N. (2019). Binary boys: autism, aspie supremacy and post/humanist normativity. Disability Studies Quarterly, 39(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v39i1.6461.
– reference: Tucker, K. (2021). Why the autism defense failed in Charleston shooter Dylann Roof’s appeal. Law. https://www.law.com/2021/08/26/why-the-autism-defense-failed-in-charleston-shooter-dylann-roofs-appeal/
– reference: Kapp, S. K., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Sherman, L. E., & Hutman, T. (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59–71.
– reference: Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Ann Gernsbacher, M., & Mottron, L. (2007). The level and nature of autistic intelligence. Psychological Science, 18(8), 657–662.
– reference: Mallipeddi, N. V., & VanDaalen, R. A. (2021). Intersectionality within critical autism studies: A narrative review. Autism in Adulthood. Online Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2021.0014.
– reference: Perrin, P. B., Sutter, M. E., Trujillo, M. A., Henry, R. S., & Pugh, M., Jr (2020). The minority strengths model: Development and initial path analytic validation in racially/ethnically diverse LGBTQ individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 118–136.
– reference: Anderson, C. (2016). White rage: The unspoken truth of our racial divide. Bloomsbury Publishing.
– reference: Brown, L. X. (2022, February 5). The autistic community has been the single most intense source of my repeated retraumatization over the last 10+ years I’ve been involved with it due to the abuse and toxicity I’ve dealt with over and over again. Twitter.
– reference: Grinker, R. R. (2015). Reframing the science and anthropology of autism. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 39(2), 345–350.
– reference: Pripas-Kapit, S. (2020). Historicizing Jim Sinclair’s “Don’t mourn for us”: A cultural and intellectual history of neurodiversity’s first manifesto. In S. K.Kapp (Ed.), Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement (pp. 23–39). Palgrave Macmillan.
– reference: Strauss, P., Cook, A., Watson, V., Winter, S., Whitehouse, A., Albrecht, N., Toussaint, D. W., & Lin, A. (2021). Mental health difficulties among trans and gender diverse young people with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Findings from trans pathways. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137, 360–367.
– reference: Cooper, K., Smith, L. G., & Russell, A. (2017). Social identity, self‐esteem, and mental health in autism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 844–854.
– reference: Davenport, L. (2020). The fluidity of racial classifications. Annual Review of Political Science, 23, 221–240.
– reference: Parks, C. A., Hughes, T. L., & Matthews, A. K. (2004). Race/ethnicity and sexual orientation: Intersecting identities. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(3), 241–254.
– reference: Silberman, S. (2015). Neurotribes: The legacy of autism and the future of neurodiversity. Penguin.
– reference: Frost, D. M., Hammack, P. L., Wilson, B. D., Russell, S. T., Lightfoot, M., & Meyer, I. H. (2020). The qualitative interview in psychology and the study of social change: Sexual identity development, minority stress, and health in the generations study. Qualitative Psychology, 7(3), 245.
– reference: Nader, A. M., Courchesne, V., Dawson, M., & Soulières, I. (2014). Does WISC-IV underestimate the intelligence of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2270-z.
– reference: Smith, I. C., Edelstein, J. A., Cox, B. E., & White, S. W. (2018). Parental disclosure of ASD diagnosis to the child: A systematic review. Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 3(2), 98–105.
– reference: Grov, C., Bimbi, D. S., Nanín, J. E., & Parsons, J. T. (2006). Race, ethnicity, gender, and generational factors associated with the coming‐out process among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Sex Research, 43(2), 115–121.
– reference: Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G.Austin, & S.Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.
– reference: Sinclair, J. (2010). Being autistic together. Disability Studies Quarterly, 30(1.
– reference: Floris, D. L., Wolfers, T., Zabihi, M., Holz, N. E., Zwiers, M. P., Charman, T., Tillman, J., Ecker, C., Dell’Acqua, F., Banaschewski, T., Moessnang, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Holt, R., Durston, S., Loth, E., Murphy, D. G. M., Marquand, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Beckmann, C. F., & EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project Group. (2021). Atypical brain asymmetry in autism—a candidate for clinically meaningful stratification. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 6(8), 802–812.
– reference: Jaswal, V. K., & Akhtar, N. (2019). Being versus appearing socially uninterested: Challenging assumptions about social motivation in autism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, e82.
– reference: Wright, D. J. (2021). Autism has a race problem. Medium.https://weareautastic.medium.com/autism-has-a-race-problem-3c706a37d5a9
– reference: Whitlock, A., Fulton, K., Lai, M. C., Pellicano, E., & Mandy, W. (2020). Recognition of girls on the autism spectrum by primary school educators: An experimental study. Autism Research, 13(8), 1358–1372.
– reference: Crane, L., Hearst, C., Ashworth, M., Davies, J., & Hill, E. L. (2020). Supporting newly identified or diagnosed autistic adults: An initial evaluation of an autistic-led programme. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(3), 892–905.
– reference: Creece, A. (2019). Autism is no defence for cruelty. SBS News.https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/voices/health/article/2018/06/22/autism-no-defence-cruelty
– reference: Ward, M. J., & Meyer, R. N. (1999). Self-determination for people with developmental disabilities and autism: Two self-advocates’ perspectives. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14(3), 133–139.
– reference: Ballou, E. (2018, February 6). What the neurodiversity movement does – and doesn’t – offer. Thinking Person’s Guide to Autism. http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2018/02/what-neurodiversity-movement-doesand.html
– reference: Baron-Cohen, S. (2019, April 30). The concept of neurodiversity is dividing the autism community. Scientific American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-concept-of-neurodiversity-is-dividing-the-autism-community/
– reference: Jones, R. S., Huws, J. C., & Beck, G. (2013). ‘I’m not the only person out there’: Insider and outsider understandings of autism. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 59(2), 134–144.
– reference: Riggle, E. D., Rostosky, S. S., Black, W. W., & Rosenkrantz, D. E. (2017). Outness, concealment, and authenticity: Associations with LGB individuals’ psychological distress and well-being. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(1), 54.
– reference: Whitfield, D. L., Walls, N. E., Langenderfer-Magruder, L., & Clark, B. (2014). Queer is the new black? Not so much: Racial disparities in anti-LGBTQ discrimination. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 26(4), 426–440.
– reference: Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2(3), 217–250.
– reference: Baggs, M. (2010, March 7). Aspie supremacy can kill. Ballastexistenz. https://ballastexistenz.wordpress.com/2010/03/07/aspie-supremacy-can-kill/
– reference: Meyer, I. H., Russell, S. T., Hammack, P. L., Frost, D. M., & Wilson, B. D. (2021). Minority stress, distress, and suicide attempts in three cohorts of sexual minority adults: A U.S. probability sample. PLoS One, 16(3), e0246827.
– reference: Zeldovich, L. (2018, November 7). How history forgot the woman who defined autism. Spectrum News. https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/history-forgot-woman-defined-autism/
– reference: Kapp, S. K. (Ed.) (2020). Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement: Stories from the frontline. Springer Nature.
– reference: Aylward, B. S., Gal-Szabo, D. E., & Taraman, S. (2021). Racial, ethnic, and sociodemographic disparities in diagnosis of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 42(8), 682–689.
– reference: Peña, E. V. (Ed.). (2019). Leaders Around Me: Autobiographies of Autistics who type, point, & spell to communicate.
– reference: Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2004). Ethnic/racial differences in the coming-out process of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: a comparison of sexual identity development over time. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(3), 215–228.
– reference: Di Natale, V. (2018). Autism doesn’t kill women, toxic masculinity does. SBS News.https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/autism-doesnt-kill-women-toxic-masculinity-does/e72c4x6xd
– reference: Ortega, F., & Choudhury, S. (2011). ‘Wired up differently’: Autism, adolescence and the politics of neurological identities. Subjectivity, 4(3), 323–345.
– reference: Dyar, C., & London, B. (2018). Longitudinal examination of a bisexual-specific minority stress process among bisexual cisgender women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(3), 342–360.
– reference: Botha, M., Dibb, B., & Frost, D. M. (2020). “Autism is me”: an investigation of how autistic individuals make sense of autism and stigma. Disability & Society, 1–27.
– reference: Dovidio, J. F., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). Under the radar: how unexamined biases in decision-making processes in clinical interactions can contribute to health care disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 945–952.
– reference: Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S. M., Lee, R. M., CrossJr, W. E., Rivas‐Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., Yip, T., & Ethnic and racial identity in the 21st century study group. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: An integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 85(1), 21–39.
– reference: Jones, D. R., Nicolaidis, C., Ellwood, L. J., Garcia, A., Johnson, K. R., Lopez, K., & Waisman T. C. (2020). An expert discussion on structural racism in autism research and practice. Autism in Adulthood, 2(4), 273–281.
– reference: Moskowitz, D. A., Rendina, H. J., Alvarado Avila, A., & Mustanski, B. (2021). Demographic and social factors impacting coming out as a sexual minority among generation-Z teenage boys. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000484.
– reference: Chapman, R. (2020). The reality of autism: On the metaphysics of disorder and diversity. Philosophical Psychology, 33(6), 799–819.
– reference: Chen, J. M., de Paula Couto, M. C. P., Sacco, A. M., & Dunham, Y. (2018). To be or not to be (black or multiracial or white): cultural variation in racial boundaries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(7), 763–772.
– reference: Moore, I., Morgan, G., Welham, A., & Russell, G. (2022). The intersection of autism and gender in the negotiation of identity: A systematic review and metasynthesis. Feminism & Psychology, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/09593535221074806.
– reference: Kelly, B., Williams, S., Collins, S., Mushtaq, F., Mon-Williams, M., Wright, B., Mason, D., & Wright, J. (2019). The association between socioeconomic status and autism diagnosis in the United Kingdom for children aged 5–8 years of age: Findings from the Born in Bradford cohort. Autism, 23(1), 131–140.
– reference: Gillespie-Lynch, K., Dwyer, P., Constantino, C., Kapp, S. K., Hotez, E., Riccio, A., DeNigris, D., Kofner, B., & Endlich, E. (2020). Can we broaden the neurodiversity movement without weakening it? Participatory approaches as a framework for cross-disability alliance building. Disability Alliances and Allies, 12. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-354720200000012013.
– reference: Hirvikoski, T., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Boman, M., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & Bölte, S. (2016). Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 232–238.
– reference: Jamil, O. B., Harper, G. W., & Fernandez, M. I. (2009). Sexual and ethnic identity development among gay–bisexual–questioning (GBQ) male ethnic minority adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(3), 203–214.
– reference: Durkin, M. S., Maenner, M. J., Baio, J., Christensen, D., Daniels, J., Fitzgerald, R., Imm, P., Lee, L.C., Schieve, L. A., Van Naarden Braun, K., Wingate, M. S., & Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder among US children (2002–2010): socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 107(11), 1818–1826.
– reference: King, J. B., Prigge, M. B., King, C. K., Morgan, J., Weathersby, F., Fox, J. C., & Bigler, E. D. (2019). Generalizability and reproducibility of functional connectivity in autism. Molecular Autism, 10, 27.
– reference: Giwa Onaiwu, M. (2020). “They don’t know, don’t show, or don’t care”: autism’s white privilege problem. Autism in Adulthood, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0077.
– reference: Oredipe, T., Kofner, B., Riccio, A., Cage, E., Vincent, J., Kapp, S. K., Dwyer, P., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (in press). Does learning you are autistic at a younger age lead to better adult outcomes? A participatory exploration of the perspectives of autistic university students. Autism.
– reference: Lorde, A. (2003). The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house. Feminist postcolonial theory: A reader. Edinburgh University Press.
– reference: Bilodeau, B. L., & Renn, K. A. (2005). Analysis of LGBT identity development models and implications for practice. New Directions for Student Services, 2005(111), 25–39.
– reference: Hannon, M. D. (2017). Acknowledging intersectionality: An autoethnography of a Black school counselor educator and father of a student with autism. Journal of Negro Education, 86(2), 154–162.
– reference: Crenshaw, K. (2018). Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality, more than two decades later. Columbia Law School. https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality-more-two-decades-later
– reference: Fenton, A., & Krahn, T. (2007). Autism, Neurodiversity, and Equality Beyond the “Normal”. Journal of Ethics in Mental Health, 2(2), 1–6.
– reference: Jones, J. L., Gallus, K. L., Viering, K. L., & Oseland, L. M. (2015). ‘Are you by chance on the spectrum?’ Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder making sense of their diagnoses. Disability & Society, 30(10), 1490–1504.
– reference: Chandler, M. J., & Lalonde, C. E. (2009). Cultural continuity as a moderator of suicide risk among Canada’s first nations. In L. J.Kirmayer & G. G.Valaskakis (Eds.), Healing traditions: The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. UBC press.
– reference: Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2019). Sexual minority youth, social change, and health: A developmental collision. Research in Human Development, 16(1), 5–20.
– reference: Botha, M., & Cage, E. (in preparation). “Autism Research is in Crisis”: A mixed method study of researcher’s constructions of autistic people and autism research.
– reference: Mandell, D. S., Ittenbach, R. F., Levy, S. E., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2007). Disparities in diagnoses received prior to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1795–1802.
– reference: Fields, K. E., & Fields, B. J. (2014). Racecraft: The soul of inequality in American life. Verso Books.
– reference: Bishop, M. D., Fish, J. N., Hammack, P. L., & Russell, S. T. (2020). Sexual identity development milestones in three generations of sexual minority people: A national probability sample. Developmental Psychology, 56(11), 2177–2193.
– reference: Crompton, C. J., Hallett, S., Ropar, D., Flynn, E., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2020). ‘I never realised everybody felt as happy as I do when I am around autistic people’: A thematic analysis of autistic adults’ relationships with autistic and neurotypical friends and family. Autism, 24(6), 1438–1448.
– reference: Rich, A. J., Salway, T., Scheim, A., & Poteat, T. (2020). Sexual minority stress theory: remembering and honoring the work of Virginia Brooks. LGBT Health, 7(30), 124–127.
– reference: Orsini, M. (2009). Contesting the autistic subject: Biological citizenship and the autism/autistic movement. In S. J.Murray & D.Holmes (Eds.), Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Healthcare. Routledge.
– reference: Fadus, M. C., Ginsburg, K. R., Sobowale, K., Halliday-Boykins, C. A., Bryant, B. E., Gray, K. M., & Squeglia, L. M. (2020). Unconscious bias and the diagnosis of disruptive behavior disorders and ADHD in African American and Hispanic youth. Academic Psychiatry, 44(1), 95–102.
– reference: Gernsbacher, M. A. (2015). Diverse brains. The General Psychologist, 49(2), 29–37.
– reference: Chapman, R. (2021). Neurodiversity and the social ecology of mental functions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1360–1372.
– reference: Fusar-Poli, L., Brondino, N., Politi, P., & Aguglia, E. (2020). Missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of adults with autism spectrum disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 272, 187–198.
– reference: Torchia, M., Calabrò, A., & Morner, M. (2015). Board of directors’ diversity, creativity, and cognitive conflict: The role of board members’ interaction. International Studies of Management & Organization, 45(1), 6–24.
– reference: Lewis, L. F. (2016). Exploring the experience of self-diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(5), 575–580.
– reference: DeCuir-Gunby, J. T. (2009). A review of the racial identity development of African American adolescents: The role of education. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 103–124.
– reference: Diamond, L. M. (2006). What we got wrong about sexual identity development: Unexpected findings from a longitudinal study of young women. In A. M.Omoto & H. S.Kurtzman (Eds.), Sexual orientation and mental health: Examining identity and development in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people (pp. 73–94). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11261-004.
– reference: Bailin, A. (2019, June 6). Clearing up some misconceptions about neurodiversity. Scientific American.https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/clearing-up-some-misconceptions-about-neurodiversity/
– reference: Ronson, J. (2016). So you’ve been publicly shamed. Riverhead Books.
– reference: Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951.
– reference: Fletcher-Watson, S., Adams, J., Brook, K., Charman, T., Crane, L., Cusack, J., Leekam, S., Milton, D., Parr, J. R., & Pellicano, E. (2019). Making the future together: Shaping autism research through meaningful participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.
– reference: O’Dell, L., Bertilsdotter Rosqvist, H., Ortega, F., Brownlow, C., & Orsini, M. (2016). Critical autism studies: exploring epistemic dialogues and intersections, challenging dominant understandings of autism. Disability & Society, 31(2), 166–179.
– reference: Miller, R. A., Nachman, B. R., & Wynn, R. D. (2020). “I feel like they are all interconnected”: Understanding the identity management narratives of autistic LGBTQ college students. College Student Affairs Journal, 38(1), 1–15.
– reference: Chapman, R., & Carel, H. (in press). Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life. The Journal of Social Philosophy.
– reference: Blume, H. (1998, September). Neurodiversity: On the neurological underpinnings of geekdom. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/09/neurodiversity/305909/
– reference: Smith, K. (2021, June 29). The Autistic community use BIPOC for clout. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/fkastix/status/1409754469600956419
– reference: Kiekens, W. J., la Roi, C., & Dijkstra, J. K. (2020). Sexual identity disparities in mental health among U.K. adults, U.S. adults, and U.S. adolescents: Examining heterogeneity by race/ethnicity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 8(4), 407–419.
– reference: Brooks, V. R (1981). Minority stress and lesbian women. Free Press.
– reference: Cross Jr., WE (1971). The negro-to-black conversion experience. Black World, 20(9), 13–27.
– reference: Crane, L., Lui, L. M., Davies, J., & Pellicano, E. (2021). Autistic parents’ views and experiences of talking about autism with their autistic children. Autism, 25(4), 1161–1167.
– reference: Goldberg Edelson, M. (2006). Are the majority of children with autism mentally retarded? A systematic evaluation of the data. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21(2), 66–83.
– reference: McGuire, A. (2016). War on autism: On the cultural logic of normative violence. University of Michigan Press.
– reference: Strand, L. R. (2017). Charting relations between intersectionality theory and the neurodiversity paradigm. Disability Studies Quarterly, 37(2.
– reference: Baker, D. L. (2011). The politics of neurodiversity: Why public policy matters. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
– reference: Lick, D. J., Durso, L. E., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minorities. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(5), 521–548.
– reference: Bränström, R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2021). Country-level structural stigma, identity concealment, and day-to-day discrimination as determinants of transgender people’s life satisfaction. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(9), 1–9.
– reference: Humphrey, N., & Lewis, S. (2008). ‘Make me normal’: The views and experiences of pupils on the autistic spectrum in mainstream secondary schools. Autism, 12(1), 23–46.
– reference: Hickey, A., Crabtree, J., & Stott, J. (2018). ‘Suddenly the first fifty years of my life made sense’: Experiences of older people with autism. Autism, 22(3), 357–367.
– reference: Erving, C. L., Thomas, C. S., & Frazier, C. (2019). Is the black-White mental health paradox consistent across gender and psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Epidemiology, 188(2), 314–322.
– reference: Ryan Idriss, C. (2021). Invisible autistic infrastructure: Ethnographic reflections on an autistic community. Medical Anthropology, 40(2), 129–140.
– reference: Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. A. (1996). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life (1st Free Press pbk. ed). Simon & Schuster.
– reference: Kisler, K. A. (2013). Minority stress and HIV risk behavior among HIV-positive bisexual black men with histories of childhood sexual abuse. University of California.
– reference: Tobin, C. S. T. (2021). Distinguishing distress from disorder: Black-white patterns in the determinants of and links between depressive symptoms and major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 510–517.
– reference: Farahar, C. (in press). Autistic identity, culture, community & space for wellbeing. In Critical Autism Studies (1st ed.). Routledge.
– reference: Lai, M. C., Kassee, C., Besney, R., Bonato, S., Hull, L., Mandy, W., Szatmari, P., & Ameis, S. H. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 819–829.
– reference: Cascio, M. A., Weiss, J. A., & Racine, E. (2021). Making autism research inclusive by attending to intersectionality: A review of the research ethics literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(1), 22–36.
– reference: Huws, J. C., & Jones, R. S. (2011). Missing voices: Representations of autism in British newspapers, 1999–2008. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(2), 98–104.
– reference: Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
– reference: Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Guillaume, D., Frazier, T., Jones, E., J. H., Jones, R. M., Pickles, A., State, M. W., Lounds Taylor, J., & Veentra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews: Disease Primers, 6(1), 5.
– reference: Botha, M., & Frost, D. M. (2020). Extending the minority stress model to understand mental health problems experienced by the autistic population. Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20–34.
– reference: Nicolaidis, C. (2012). What can physicians learn from the neurodiversity movement. AMA Journal of Ethics, 14(6), 503–510.
– reference: Wexler, L. M., DiFluvio, G., & Burke, T. K. (2009). Resilience and marginalized youth: Making a case for personal and collective meaning-making as part of resilience research in public health. Social Science & Medicine, 69(4), 565–570.
– reference: Coll, C. G., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., Wasik, B. H., Jenkins, R., Garcia, H. V., & McAdoo, H. P. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914.
– reference: Stephens, E., & Cryle, P. (2017). Eugenics and the normal body: the role of visual images and intelligence testing in framing the treatment of people with disabilities in the early twentieth century. Continuum, 31(3), 365–376.
– reference: Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum.
– reference: Jellett, R., & Muggleton, J. (2021). Implications of applying “clinically significant impairment” to autism assessment: Commentary on six problems encountered in clinical practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(6), 1–10.
– reference: Strang, J. F., van der Miesen, A. I., Caplan, R., Hughes, C., daVanport, S., & Lai, M. C. (2020). Both sex-and gender-related factors should be considered in autism research and clinical practice. Autism, 24(3), 539–543.
– reference: Mohr, J. (2009). Oppression by scientific method: The use of science to “other” sexual minorities. Journal of Hate Studies, 7, 21–45.
– reference: Tan, C. D. (2018). “I’m a normal autistic person, not an abnormal neurotypical”: Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis as biographical illumination. Social Science & Medicine, 197, 161–167.
– reference: Pyne, J. (2021). Autistic disruptions, trans temporalities. South Atlantic Quarterly, 120(2), 343–361.
– reference: Teo, T. (2011). Empirical race psychology and the hermeneutics of epistemological violence. Human Studies, 34(3), 237–255.
– reference: Riccio, A., Kapp, S. K., Jordan, A., Dorelien, A. M., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (2021). How is autistic identity in adolescence influenced by parental disclosure decisions and perceptions of autism. Autism, 25(2), 374–388.
– reference: English, D., Rendina, H. J., & Parsons, J. T. (2018). The effects of intersecting stigma: A longitudinal examination of minority stress, mental health, and substance use among Black, Latino, and multiracial gay and bisexual men. Psychology of Violence, 8(6), 669–679.
– reference: Kosciw, J. G., Palmer, N. A., & Kull, R. M. (2015). Reflecting resiliency: Openness about sexual orientation and/or gender identity and its relationship to well-being and educational outcomes for LGBT students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1–2), 167–178.
– reference: Moore, K. L., Camacho, D., & Munson, M. R. (2020). Identity negotiation processes among Black and Latinx sexual minority young adult mental health service users. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 32(1), 21–48.
– reference: Szymanski, D. M., & Gupta, A. (2009). Examining the relationship between multiple internalized oppressions and African American lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning persons’ self-esteem and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 110–118.
– reference: Iacono, T., Douglas, S. N., Garcia-Melgar, A., & Goldbart, J. (2022). A scoping review of AAC research conducted in segregated school settings. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 120, 104141.
– reference: Botha, M. (2021). Academic, activist, or advocate? angry, entangled, and emerging: A critical reflection on autism knowledge production. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727542.
– reference: Leedham, A., Thompson, A. R., Smith, R., & Freeth, M. (2020). ‘I was exhausted trying to figure it out’: The experiences of females receiving an autism diagnosis in middle to late adulthood. Autism, 24(1), 135–146.
– reference: Chapman, R., & Veit, W. (2020). Representing the autism spectrum. The American Journal of Bioethics, 20(4), 46–48.
– reference: Davidson, J., & Orsini, M. (Eds.). (2013). Worlds of autism: Across the spectrum of neurological difference. University of Minnesota Press.
– reference: Weir, E., Allison, C., Warrier, V., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2021). Increased prevalence of non-communicable physical health conditions among autistic adults. Autism, 25(3), 681–694.
– reference: Fassinger, R. E., & Miller, B. A. (1997). Validation of an inclusive model of sexual minority identity formation on a sample of gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 32(2), 53–78.
– reference: Pamplin, J. R., II., & Bates, L. M. (2021). Evaluating hypothesized explanations for the Black-white depression paradox: A critical review of the extant evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 281,114085.
– reference: Orsini, M., & Smith, M. (2010). Social movements, knowledge and public policy: the case of autism activism in Canada and the US. Critical Policy Studies, 4(1), 38–57.
– reference: Brah, A., & Phoenix, A. (2004). Ain’t I A Woman? Revisiting intersectionality. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 5(3), 75–86.
– reference: Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M. C., & Mandy, W. (2017). “Putting on my best normal”: social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519–2534.
– reference: Botha, M., Dibb, B., & Frost, D. M. (2022). “It’s being a part of a grand tradition, a grand counter-culture”: A qualitative investigation of autistic community connectedness. Autism.
– reference: Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: a review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747–770.
– reference: Gould, S. J., & Gold, S. J. (1996). The mismeasure of man. WW Norton & Company.
– reference: Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Intersectionality and feminist politics. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(3), 193–209.
– reference: Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56.
– reference: Scully, J., & Shakespeare, T. (2019). Report on the impact of ableism in medical and scientific practice (A/HRC/43/41; special rapporteur on disability). United Nations of Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Disability/SRDisabilities/Pages/BioethicsDisabilities.aspx
– reference: Baggs, M. (2016, May 1). Here is ableism somewhere at the heart of your oppression, no matter what your oppression might be. Ballastexistenz.https://ballastexistenz.wordpress.com/2016/05/01/there-is-ableism-somewhere-at-the-heart-of-your-oppression-no-matter-what-your-oppression-might-be/
– reference: Meyer, I. H. (2010). Identity, stress, and resilience in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals of color. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(3), 442–454.
– reference: Singer, J. (2017). Neurodiversity: The birth of an idea.
– reference: Singh, J. S., & Bunyak, G. (2019). Autism disparities: A systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 29(6), 796–808.
– reference: Milton, D. E. (2012). On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’. Disability & Society, 27(6), 883–887.
– reference: Barnett, J. P. (2017). Intersectional harassment and deviant embodiment among autistic adults:(dis) ability, gender and sexuality. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 19(11), 1210–1224.
– reference: Huang, Y., Arnold, S. R., Foley, K. R., & Trollor, J. N. (2020). Diagnosis of autism in adulthood: A scoping review. Autism, 24(6), 1311–1327.
– reference: Haltom, T. M., & Ratcliff, S. (2021). Effects of sex, race, and education on the timing of coming out among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the US. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(3), 1107–1120.
– reference: Ansara, Y. G., & Hegarty, P. (2012). Cisgenderism in psychology: Pathologising and misgendering children from 1999 to 2008. Psychology & Sexuality, 3(2), 137–160.
SSID ssj0005679
Score 2.5738387
Snippet Abstract Singer intended for neurodiversity to be a new category of intersectionality. However, intersectionality has been neglected in autism research and...
SourceID karger
SourceType Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 93
Title Come as You Are: Examining Autistic Identity Development and the Neurodiversity Movement through an Intersectional Lens
URI https://karger.com/doi/10.1159/000524123
Volume 66
WOSCitedRecordID wos000844129300002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3JTsMwEB2xCXFhaUEsBc0B9dRIjRMTm1sFRRwo6qFIvVWOlwtqqNqy9O-Z2KEFJCQulrI4TmzLM-O8eQ_gUkktr2Klo5QZKpJSDbAtDBUpl9yRibHGi01kj49iOJT9ar-jzIV5LvHPnhp1yS1ABtdLz5GtYck6bJLBjUuRhl4UrcAcV4FVrx2LiCKAYZnFQbOV5jOXMvDsLI_bFcHQj-eSAQpNf7Mud3v_f6992K08SOyEIT-ANVvUoN4pKHoeL7CJHtPpN8trsN2rfp3XoNkPJNWLFg5WOVezlq-xpK9e1OGdlgiLaoa0EFAr9hq7H2rsdSSwQ3VKYmes8nsX-A10hKowSP4kesIP8wX4wN6L5ySfY6UJRPeh34iceRhY-TEPFEwfwtNdd3BzH1XyDJFO4mQeZSxnOfkTCeMi19awXOlE2DZTFBKleeycs1JwJTOTstwoI5Rimoyh01mmuEiOYKN4KewxIFeKPB3OVMJ1aqyTxjjunIgz44Q07AQOwwCMJoGDYxR6_QQav87f33bDpdHEuNM_qp3BDiuzGDxusQEb8-mrPYct_UZ9OL3wM-sTbNrG2Q
linkProvider Karger AG
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3JTsMwEB1BQcCFpYAo6xwQJyI1TkxsbhUUFdFWHIrUW-V4uSAComXp3zOxQ1kkJC6Wskyc2JZnyZs3AMdKankWKx2lzFCTlNUAm8JQk3LJHakYa3yxiazfF8OhvK3iHWUuzH2Jf_bUqDNuAVK4vvQc6RqWzMNCJslmKEF6UfQF5jgLrHrNWETkAQzLLA5arbSeuZSBZ2d23KwIhn48lxRQ6Pqbdrla-_97rcNqZUFiK0z5BszZog6brYK854cpnqDHdPpgeR2WetWv8zqc3AaS6ukpDr5yrsanXmJGXz3dhDfaIiyqMdJGQL3Yc2y_qwdfRwJbJFMSO2OV3zvFb6AjVIVBsifRE36YT8AH9h49J_kEq5pAdB_6QOTYw8DKj-mSM70Fd1ftwUUnqsozRDqJk0mUsZzlZE8kjItcW8NypRNhm0yRS5TmsXPOSsGVzEzKcqOMUIppUoZOZ5niItmGWvFY2B1ArhRZOpyphOvUWCeNcdw5EWfGCWlYA7bCBIyeAgfHKIx6A_Z_ne9ctsOl0ZNxu3-IHcFyZ9DrjrrX_Zs9WGFlRoPHMO5DbfL8Yg9gUb_SeD4f-lX2Afkgyc8
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Come+as+You+Are%3A+Examining+Autistic+Identity+Development+and+the+Neurodiversity+Movement+through+an+Intersectional+Lens&rft.jtitle=Human+development&rft.au=Botha%2C+Monique&rft.au=Gillespie-Lynch%2C+Kristen&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft.isbn=9783318070590&rft.issn=0018-716X&rft.eissn=1423-0054&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=93&rft.epage=112&rft_id=info:doi/10.1159%2F000524123&rft.externalDocID=524123
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0018-716X&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0018-716X&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0018-716X&client=summon