Societal multilingualism à la balkanique: The Montenegrin Velja Gorana and beyond
Aims and objectives: The goal of the article is to explore the properties of bilingual and multilingual situations with balanced, or non-polyglossic, relationships between languages in the modern Balkans. A comparison with non-balanced, or polyglossic, settings aims at determining the factors that s...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The international journal of bilingualism : cross-disciplinary, cross-linguistic studies of language behavior Jg. 25; H. 4; S. 999 - 1018 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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London, England
SAGE Publications
01.08.2021
Sage Publications Ltd |
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| ISSN: | 1367-0069, 1756-6878 |
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| Abstract | Aims and objectives:
The goal of the article is to explore the properties of bilingual and multilingual situations with balanced, or non-polyglossic, relationships between languages in the modern Balkans. A comparison with non-balanced, or polyglossic, settings aims at determining the factors that support balanced bilingualism in one Balkan community and result in different dominance configurations in the others.
Methodology:
We focus, on the one hand, on the community’s inner diversity and the variation in linguistic competence among its individual members, showing how the differences of the various groups of speakers contribute to the maintenance of bilingualism in the community across several generations. On the other hand, we consider speech community as a unit of study and see how factors such as geographical location, size, and presence or absence of ties with the surrounding region, contribute to the loss or maintenance of community bilingualism and multilingualism in different parts of the Balkan linguistic area.
Findings:
The main case that is scrutinized is the situation of “balanced language contact” in a small-scale village community of Velja Gorana (Montenegro). Its analysis is based on field observations made in the bilingual families of Velja Gorana in 2013 to 2015. Besides, we overview a range of Balkan bilingual and multilingual communities, based on the existing literature, and analyse the patterns of (socio)linguistic dominance of the languages spoken in each community.
Originality:
The article provides a description of a balanced situation in the modern Balkans and offers a model for understanding of the Balkan bilingualism and multilingualism, taking into consideration several factors interacting at different levels, from individual speaker to the speech community.
Implications:
The proposed model explains the diversity of bilingual and multilingual situations of the modern Balkans. This enables us to make predictions about the ways of development of these situations and suggest how the past Balkan situations could have been organized. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Aims and objectives:
The goal of the article is to explore the properties of bilingual and multilingual situations with balanced, or non-polyglossic, relationships between languages in the modern Balkans. A comparison with non-balanced, or polyglossic, settings aims at determining the factors that support balanced bilingualism in one Balkan community and result in different dominance configurations in the others.
Methodology:
We focus, on the one hand, on the community’s inner diversity and the variation in linguistic competence among its individual members, showing how the differences of the various groups of speakers contribute to the maintenance of bilingualism in the community across several generations. On the other hand, we consider speech community as a unit of study and see how factors such as geographical location, size, and presence or absence of ties with the surrounding region, contribute to the loss or maintenance of community bilingualism and multilingualism in different parts of the Balkan linguistic area.
Findings:
The main case that is scrutinized is the situation of “balanced language contact” in a small-scale village community of Velja Gorana (Montenegro). Its analysis is based on field observations made in the bilingual families of Velja Gorana in 2013 to 2015. Besides, we overview a range of Balkan bilingual and multilingual communities, based on the existing literature, and analyse the patterns of (socio)linguistic dominance of the languages spoken in each community.
Originality:
The article provides a description of a balanced situation in the modern Balkans and offers a model for understanding of the Balkan bilingualism and multilingualism, taking into consideration several factors interacting at different levels, from individual speaker to the speech community.
Implications:
The proposed model explains the diversity of bilingual and multilingual situations of the modern Balkans. This enables us to make predictions about the ways of development of these situations and suggest how the past Balkan situations could have been organized. Aims and objectives: The goal of the article is to explore the properties of bilingual and multilingual situations with balanced, or non-polyglossic, relationships between languages in the modern Balkans. A comparison with non-balanced, or polyglossic, settings aims at determining the factors that support balanced bilingualism in one Balkan community and result in different dominance configurations in the others. Methodology: We focus, on the one hand, on the community’s inner diversity and the variation in linguistic competence among its individual members, showing how the differences of the various groups of speakers contribute to the maintenance of bilingualism in the community across several generations. On the other hand, we consider speech community as a unit of study and see how factors such as geographical location, size, and presence or absence of ties with the surrounding region, contribute to the loss or maintenance of community bilingualism and multilingualism in different parts of the Balkan linguistic area. Findings: The main case that is scrutinized is the situation of “balanced language contact” in a small-scale village community of Velja Gorana (Montenegro). Its analysis is based on field observations made in the bilingual families of Velja Gorana in 2013 to 2015. Besides, we overview a range of Balkan bilingual and multilingual communities, based on the existing literature, and analyse the patterns of (socio)linguistic dominance of the languages spoken in each community. Originality: The article provides a description of a balanced situation in the modern Balkans and offers a model for understanding of the Balkan bilingualism and multilingualism, taking into consideration several factors interacting at different levels, from individual speaker to the speech community. Implications: The proposed model explains the diversity of bilingual and multilingual situations of the modern Balkans. This enables us to make predictions about the ways of development of these situations and suggest how the past Balkan situations could have been organized. |
| Author | Morozova, Maria S Rusakov, Alexander Yu |
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| Keywords | The Balkans linguistic competence sociolinguistic dominance language shift linguistic dominance balanced bilingualism non-balanced bilingualism small-scale community |
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| References_xml | – volume: 23 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 1922 end-page: 171 article-title: Crnogorsko Primorje i Krajina [Montenegrin Littoral and Krajina] publication-title: Srpski etnografski zbornik – volume: 1 start-page: 67 year: 1965 end-page: 88 article-title: Who speaks what language to whom and when? publication-title: La Linguistique – volume: 10 start-page: 13 year: 1997 end-page: 19 article-title: The ethnic background and internal linguistic mechanism of the so-called Balkanization of Macedonian publication-title: Balkanistica – volume: 84 start-page: 63 year: 1995 end-page: 85 article-title: Outlining a model of the transmission phenomenon in language contact publication-title: Leuvense Bijdragen – start-page: 73 year: 1969 end-page: 399 article-title: Mrkovićki dijalekat (s kratkim osvrtom na susjedne govore) publication-title: Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 18 – volume: 25 issue: 4 year: 2021 article-title: Languages practices and ideologies at the Lower Yenisei (Siberia): Reconstructing past multilingualism publication-title: International Journal of Bilingualism – volume: 49 start-page: 51 year: 2016 end-page: 67 article-title: Multilingualism in the Central Balkans in late Ottoman times publication-title: Slavica Helsingiensia – ident: bibr49-13670069211023152 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620744 – volume-title: Golo Bordo (Gollobordë), Albaniia: Iz materialov balkanskoi ekspeditsii RAN i SPbGU 2008–2010 gg year: 2013 ident: bibr41-13670069211023152 – ident: bibr5-13670069211023152 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620997 – ident: bibr35-13670069211023152 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620720.001 – volume: 10 start-page: 13 year: 1997 ident: bibr10-13670069211023152 publication-title: Balkanistica – ident: bibr25-13670069211023152 doi: 10.31168/2305-6754.2018.7.2.10 – volume-title: Die slavischen Minderheiten in Albanien (SMA) year: 2008 ident: bibr50-13670069211023152 – ident: bibr40-13670069211023152 doi: 10.30842/alpi23065737190818 – ident: bibr23-13670069211023152 doi: 10.1163/19552629-01202003 – ident: bibr9-13670069211023152 doi: 10.1017/9781107279872.005 – ident: bibr16-13670069211023152 – volume-title: Iuzhnoarumynskii govor sela Turia (Pind). 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| SubjectTerms | Bilingualism Community Community Relations Dominance Language contact Languages Linguistic Borrowing Linguistic competence Linguistics Multilingualism Property Serbo-Croatian language Speech Speech communities Speeches Units of Study |
| Title | Societal multilingualism à la balkanique: The Montenegrin Velja Gorana and beyond |
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