From verified model to executable program: the PAT approach
CSP# is a formal modeling language that emphasizes the design of communication in concurrent systems. PAT framework provides a model checking environment for the simulation and verification of CSP# models. Although the desired properties can be formally verified at the design level, it is not always...
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| Abstract | CSP# is a formal modeling language that emphasizes the design of communication in concurrent systems. PAT framework provides a model checking environment for the simulation and verification of CSP# models. Although the desired properties can be formally verified at the design level, it is not always straightforward to ensure the correctness of the system’s implementation conforms to the behaviors of the formal design model. To avoid human error and enhance productivity, it would be beneficial to have a tool support to automatically generate the executable programs from their corresponding formal models. In this paper, we propose such a solution for translating verified CSP# models into C# programs in the PAT framework. We encoded the CSP# operators in a C# library-“PAT.Runtime”, where the event synchronization is based on the “Monitor” class in C#. The precondition and choice layers are built on top of the CSP event synchronization to support language-specific features. We further developed a code generation tool to automatically transform CSP# models into multi-threaded C# programs. We proved that the generated C# program and original CSP# model are equivalent on the trace semantics. This equivalence guarantees that the verified properties of the CSP# models are preserved in the generated C# programs. Furthermore, based on the existing implementation of choice operator, we improved the synchronization mechanism by pruning the unnecessary communications among the choice operators. The experiment results showed that the improved mechanism notably outperforms the standard JCSP library. |
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| AbstractList | CSP# is a formal modeling language that emphasizes the design of communication in concurrent systems. PAT framework provides a model checking environment for the simulation and verification of CSP# models. Although the desired properties can be formally verified at the design level, it is not always straightforward to ensure the correctness of the system’s implementation conforms to the behaviors of the formal design model. To avoid human error and enhance productivity, it would be beneficial to have a tool support to automatically generate the executable programs from their corresponding formal models. In this paper, we propose such a solution for translating verified CSP# models into C# programs in the PAT framework. We encoded the CSP# operators in a C# library-“PAT.Runtime”, where the event synchronization is based on the “Monitor” class in C#. The precondition and choice layers are built on top of the CSP event synchronization to support language-specific features. We further developed a code generation tool to automatically transform CSP# models into multi-threaded C# programs. We proved that the generated C# program and original CSP# model are equivalent on the trace semantics. This equivalence guarantees that the verified properties of the CSP# models are preserved in the generated C# programs. Furthermore, based on the existing implementation of choice operator, we improved the synchronization mechanism by pruning the unnecessary communications among the choice operators. The experiment results showed that the improved mechanism notably outperforms the standard JCSP library. |
| Author | Zhu, Huiquan Sun, Jing Dong, Jin Song Lin, Shang-Wei |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Huiquan surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Huiquan organization: Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore – sequence: 2 givenname: Jing surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Jing email: jing.sun@auckland.ac.nz organization: Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland – sequence: 3 givenname: Jin Song surname: Dong fullname: Dong, Jin Song organization: Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore – sequence: 4 givenname: Shang-Wei surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Shang-Wei organization: School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1007/s11704-008-0035-6 10.1109/TR.2006.879605 10.5753/sbes.2002.23941 10.1145/2430536.2430537 10.1109/MEMCOD.2003.1210108 10.1145/360051.360079 10.1109/ISORC.2000.839557 10.1049/ip-sen:20050014 10.1002/cpe.1425 10.1007/s10703-010-0099-4 10.1109/HASE.2012.12 10.1007/s10703-013-0197-1 10.1109/TASE.2009.32 10.1007/978-3-642-02658-4_59 10.1007/978-3-642-21464-6_5 10.1109/PDSE.2000.847856 10.1109/ICSE.1998.671106 10.1007/978-3-642-34281-3_17 10.1109/ICECCS.2006.1690364 10.1109/ISSRE.2011.19 10.1145/355620.361161 |
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| References | Gardner W (2003) Bridging CSP and C++ with selective formalism and executable specifications. In: Proceedings of first ACM and IEEE international conference on formal methods and models for co-design (MEMOCODE’03). IEEE, pp 237–245 LehmbergAOlsenMAn introduction to CSP.NETCommun Process Archit200620061330 WelchPBrownNMooresJChalmersKSputhBIntegrating and extending JCSPCommun Process Archit2007200765349370 Sun J, Liu Y, Dong JS, Chen C (2009) Integrating specification and programs for system modeling and verification. In: Proceedings of the third IEEE international symposium on theoretical aspects of software engineering (TASE’09), pp 127–135 Welch P, Martin J (2000) A CSP model for Java multithreading. In: Proceedings of international symposium on software engineering for parallel and distributed systems, pp 114–122 YangLPoppletonMJCSProB: implementing integrated formal specifications in concurrent JavaCommun Process Archit2007656788 Liu Y, Sun J, Dong JS (2011) PAT 3: an extensible architecture for building multi-domain model checkers. In: ISSRE, pp 190–199 Schaller N, Hilderink G, Welch P (2000) Using Java for parallel computing: JCSP versus CTJ, a comparison. In: Communicating process architectures, pp 205–226 LeeSJDobbieGSunJGrovesLTheorem prover approach to semistructured data designForm Methods Syst Des201037116010.1007/s10703-010-0099-41207.68127 Gardner W (2000) CSP++: an object-oriented application framework for software synthesis from CSP specifications. Ph.D. thesis, Politecnico di Milano, Italy SummerfieldMProgramming in Go: creating applications for the 21st century2012Menlo ParkAddison-Wesley Professional EastIMartinJWelchPDuceDGreenMgCSP: a graphical tool for designing CSP systemsCommun Process Archit 2004200427233 Liang H, Dong JS, Sun J, Duke R, Seviora RE (2006) Formal specification-based online monitoring. In: ICECCS’06: proceedings of the 11th IEEE international conference on engineering of complex computer systems. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, pp 152–160. doi:10.1109/ICECCS.2006.1690364 HoareCMonitors: an operating system structuring conceptCommun ACM1974171054955710.1145/355620.3611610308.68029 Liang H, Dong JS, Sun J (2007) Evolution and runtime monitoring of software systems. In: SEKE’07: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on software engineering and knowledge engineering. Knowledge Systems Institute Graduate School, Skokie, pp 343–348 Sun J, Liu Y, Dong JS, Pang J (2009) PAT: towards flexible verification under fairness. In: Proceedings of the 21th international conference on computer aided verification (CAV’09). Lecture notes in computer science, vol 5643. Springer, New York, pp 709–714 Brown N (2007) C++CSP2: a many-to-many threading model for multicore architectures. In: Communicating process architectures 2007: WoTUG-30, pp 183–205 BaierCKatoenJPrinciples of model checking2008CambridgeThe MIT Press1179.68076 Mahony B, Dong JS (1998) Blending object-Z and timed CSP: an introduction to TCOZ. In: Proceedings of the 20th international conference on software engineering (ICSE’98). IEEE Computer Society, pp 95–104 SunJLiuYDongJSSunJCompositional encoding for bounded model checkingFront Comput Sci China20082436837910.1007/s11704-008-0035-6 Kleine M (2009) Using CSP for software verification. In: Proceedings of formal methods 2009 doctoral symposium. Eindhoven University of Technology, pp 8–13 JonesGProgramming in Occam1986LondonPrentice-Hall International LiYDongJSSunJLiuYSunJModel checking approach to automated planningForm Methods in Syst Des201444217620210.1007/s10703-013-0197-11291.68263 Yuan L, Dong JS, Sun J, Basit HA (2006) Generic fault tolerant software architecture reasoning and customization. IEEE Trans Reliab 55(3):421–435. doi:10.1109/TR.2006.879605 Lin SW, Liu Y, Hsiung PA, Sun J, Dong JS (2012) Automatic generation of provably correct embedded systems. In: Formal methods and software engineering. Springer, New York, pp 214–229 Sun J, Dong JS, Jarzabek S, Wang H (2006) Computer-aided dispatch system family architecture and verification: an integrated formal approach. IEE Proc Softw 153(3):102–112. doi:10.1049/ip-sen:20050014 Sun J, Liu Y, Dong JS, Liu Y, Shi L (2013) Étienne André: modeling and verifying hierarchical real-time systems using stateful timed CSP. ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 22(1):3:1–3:29. doi:10.1145/2430536.2430537 YangLPoppletonMJava implementation platform for the integrated state-and event-based specification in PROBConcurr Comput Pract Exp20102281007102210.1002/cpe.1425 Gardner W (2005) CSP++: how faithful to CSPm. In: Proc. communicating process architectures 2005 (WoTUG-27), pp 129–146 WelchPMartinJFormal analysis of concurrent java systemsCommun Process Archit200058275301 Bjørndalen JM, Vinter B, Anshus OJ (2007) PyCSP—communicating sequential processes for python. In: McEwan AA, Schneider SA, Ifill W, Welch PH (eds) The 30th communicating process architectures conference (CPA’07), pp 229–248 Hilderink G, Bakkers A, Broenink J (2000) A distributed real-time Java system based on CSP. In: Proceedings of third IEEE international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing (ISORC’00). IEEE, pp 400–407 BrownNCC++ CSP networkedCommun Process Archit20042004185200 Kleine M (2011) CSP as a coordination language. In: Coordination models and languages. Springer, New York, pp 65–79 Zhang J, Liu Y, Sun J, Dong JS, Sun J (2012) Model checking software architecture design. In: 2012 IEEE 14th international symposium on high-assurance systems engineering (HASE), pp 193–200. doi:10.1109/HASE.2012.12 Hoare C (1985) Communicating sequential processes. In: Prentice-Hall international series in computer science. Prentice/Hall International, London Freitas L (2002) JACK: a process algebra implementation in Java. Ph.D. thesis, Centro de Informatica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco HowardJHProving monitorsCommun ACM197619527327910.1145/360051.3600790322.68016 BrownNWelchPAn introduction to the Kent C++ CSP LibraryCommun Process Archit20032003139156 C Baier (269_CR1) 2008 C Hoare (269_CR12) 1974; 17 L Yang (269_CR37) 2010; 22 P Welch (269_CR33) 2007; 2007 NC Brown (269_CR5) 2004; 2004 269_CR9 N Brown (269_CR4) 2003; 2003 SJ Lee (269_CR18) 2010; 37 269_CR22 269_CR21 269_CR24 269_CR23 269_CR26 269_CR25 269_CR28 L Yang (269_CR36) 2007; 65 A Lehmberg (269_CR19) 2006; 2006 J Sun (269_CR32) 2008; 2 I East (269_CR6) 2004; 27 Y Li (269_CR20) 2014; 44 269_CR29 G Jones (269_CR15) 1986 M Summerfield (269_CR27) 2012 269_CR11 269_CR10 P Welch (269_CR35) 2000; 58 269_CR7 269_CR13 269_CR8 269_CR34 269_CR2 269_CR3 269_CR17 269_CR39 269_CR16 269_CR38 JH Howard (269_CR14) 1976; 19 269_CR31 269_CR30 |
| References_xml | – reference: Sun J, Liu Y, Dong JS, Liu Y, Shi L (2013) Étienne André: modeling and verifying hierarchical real-time systems using stateful timed CSP. ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 22(1):3:1–3:29. doi:10.1145/2430536.2430537 – reference: EastIMartinJWelchPDuceDGreenMgCSP: a graphical tool for designing CSP systemsCommun Process Archit 2004200427233 – reference: Zhang J, Liu Y, Sun J, Dong JS, Sun J (2012) Model checking software architecture design. In: 2012 IEEE 14th international symposium on high-assurance systems engineering (HASE), pp 193–200. doi:10.1109/HASE.2012.12 – reference: LehmbergAOlsenMAn introduction to CSP.NETCommun Process Archit200620061330 – reference: BrownNWelchPAn introduction to the Kent C++ CSP LibraryCommun Process Archit20032003139156 – reference: Freitas L (2002) JACK: a process algebra implementation in Java. Ph.D. thesis, Centro de Informatica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – reference: Sun J, Liu Y, Dong JS, Chen C (2009) Integrating specification and programs for system modeling and verification. In: Proceedings of the third IEEE international symposium on theoretical aspects of software engineering (TASE’09), pp 127–135 – reference: LeeSJDobbieGSunJGrovesLTheorem prover approach to semistructured data designForm Methods Syst Des201037116010.1007/s10703-010-0099-41207.68127 – reference: WelchPMartinJFormal analysis of concurrent java systemsCommun Process Archit200058275301 – reference: YangLPoppletonMJava implementation platform for the integrated state-and event-based specification in PROBConcurr Comput Pract Exp20102281007102210.1002/cpe.1425 – reference: Liang H, Dong JS, Sun J, Duke R, Seviora RE (2006) Formal specification-based online monitoring. In: ICECCS’06: proceedings of the 11th IEEE international conference on engineering of complex computer systems. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, pp 152–160. doi:10.1109/ICECCS.2006.1690364 – reference: SummerfieldMProgramming in Go: creating applications for the 21st century2012Menlo ParkAddison-Wesley Professional – reference: Gardner W (2003) Bridging CSP and C++ with selective formalism and executable specifications. In: Proceedings of first ACM and IEEE international conference on formal methods and models for co-design (MEMOCODE’03). IEEE, pp 237–245 – reference: Schaller N, Hilderink G, Welch P (2000) Using Java for parallel computing: JCSP versus CTJ, a comparison. In: Communicating process architectures, pp 205–226 – reference: Hoare C (1985) Communicating sequential processes. In: Prentice-Hall international series in computer science. Prentice/Hall International, London – reference: Brown N (2007) C++CSP2: a many-to-many threading model for multicore architectures. In: Communicating process architectures 2007: WoTUG-30, pp 183–205 – reference: Mahony B, Dong JS (1998) Blending object-Z and timed CSP: an introduction to TCOZ. In: Proceedings of the 20th international conference on software engineering (ICSE’98). IEEE Computer Society, pp 95–104 – reference: Welch P, Martin J (2000) A CSP model for Java multithreading. In: Proceedings of international symposium on software engineering for parallel and distributed systems, pp 114–122 – reference: Bjørndalen JM, Vinter B, Anshus OJ (2007) PyCSP—communicating sequential processes for python. In: McEwan AA, Schneider SA, Ifill W, Welch PH (eds) The 30th communicating process architectures conference (CPA’07), pp 229–248 – reference: Liang H, Dong JS, Sun J (2007) Evolution and runtime monitoring of software systems. In: SEKE’07: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on software engineering and knowledge engineering. Knowledge Systems Institute Graduate School, Skokie, pp 343–348 – reference: Lin SW, Liu Y, Hsiung PA, Sun J, Dong JS (2012) Automatic generation of provably correct embedded systems. In: Formal methods and software engineering. Springer, New York, pp 214–229 – reference: Sun J, Dong JS, Jarzabek S, Wang H (2006) Computer-aided dispatch system family architecture and verification: an integrated formal approach. IEE Proc Softw 153(3):102–112. doi:10.1049/ip-sen:20050014 – reference: WelchPBrownNMooresJChalmersKSputhBIntegrating and extending JCSPCommun Process Archit2007200765349370 – reference: Gardner W (2005) CSP++: how faithful to CSPm. In: Proc. communicating process architectures 2005 (WoTUG-27), pp 129–146 – reference: Kleine M (2011) CSP as a coordination language. In: Coordination models and languages. Springer, New York, pp 65–79 – reference: BaierCKatoenJPrinciples of model checking2008CambridgeThe MIT Press1179.68076 – reference: HoareCMonitors: an operating system structuring conceptCommun ACM1974171054955710.1145/355620.3611610308.68029 – reference: Hilderink G, Bakkers A, Broenink J (2000) A distributed real-time Java system based on CSP. In: Proceedings of third IEEE international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing (ISORC’00). IEEE, pp 400–407 – reference: SunJLiuYDongJSSunJCompositional encoding for bounded model checkingFront Comput Sci China20082436837910.1007/s11704-008-0035-6 – reference: Liu Y, Sun J, Dong JS (2011) PAT 3: an extensible architecture for building multi-domain model checkers. In: ISSRE, pp 190–199 – reference: LiYDongJSSunJLiuYSunJModel checking approach to automated planningForm Methods in Syst Des201444217620210.1007/s10703-013-0197-11291.68263 – reference: JonesGProgramming in Occam1986LondonPrentice-Hall International – reference: Kleine M (2009) Using CSP for software verification. In: Proceedings of formal methods 2009 doctoral symposium. Eindhoven University of Technology, pp 8–13 – reference: BrownNCC++ CSP networkedCommun Process Archit20042004185200 – reference: YangLPoppletonMJCSProB: implementing integrated formal specifications in concurrent JavaCommun Process Archit2007656788 – reference: HowardJHProving monitorsCommun ACM197619527327910.1145/360051.3600790322.68016 – reference: Yuan L, Dong JS, Sun J, Basit HA (2006) Generic fault tolerant software architecture reasoning and customization. IEEE Trans Reliab 55(3):421–435. doi:10.1109/TR.2006.879605 – reference: Gardner W (2000) CSP++: an object-oriented application framework for software synthesis from CSP specifications. Ph.D. thesis, Politecnico di Milano, Italy – reference: Sun J, Liu Y, Dong JS, Pang J (2009) PAT: towards flexible verification under fairness. In: Proceedings of the 21th international conference on computer aided verification (CAV’09). Lecture notes in computer science, vol 5643. 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