Comparing the impacts of aerosolization and sampling techniques on the structural integrity and antigenicity retention of influenza A virus-like particles

Laboratory experiments studying respiratory virus aerosols rely on the reproducibility of aerosolization and sampling techniques. Conventional techniques could compromise viral structure and antigenicity, particularly for pleomorphic viruses like influenza A (IAV), yet very little information is ava...

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Vydáno v:Journal of aerosol science Ročník 191; s. 106673
Hlavní autoři: Li, Yuezhi (August), Benegal, Ananya, Puthussery, Joseph V., You, Shu-Wen, Vahey, Michael D., Chakrabarty, Rajan K.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Elsevier Ltd 01.01.2026
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ISSN:0021-8502
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Abstract Laboratory experiments studying respiratory virus aerosols rely on the reproducibility of aerosolization and sampling techniques. Conventional techniques could compromise viral structure and antigenicity, particularly for pleomorphic viruses like influenza A (IAV), yet very little information is available on this issue. Here, we evaluate three aerosolization methods: Collison, Blaustein Atomization Modules (BLAM), and jet nebulizers, and three bioaerosol samplers: liquid spot sampler (LSS), wet cyclone, and SKC BioSampler, to determine their efficiency in retaining the structural stability and antigenicity of filamentous IAV virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs provide a safe and practical alternative for studying highly pathogenic airborne viruses. The BLAM and jet nebulizers maintain 12–21 % of filamentous structures, whereas the Collison nebulizer, which generates higher shear stress, reduces filament recovery to ∼10 %. The liquid spot sampler (LSS), owing to gentle condensation-based sampling technique, retains approximately 30 % of filamentous VLPs. The SKC BioSampler and wet cyclone sampler cause greater structural disruption due to higher shear stress and impaction forces and retain ∼10 % and ∼7 % of filamentous VLPs, respectively. Higher relative humidity (85 %) improves filament retention by ∼20 % compared to dry conditions (25 % RH). The antigenicity of Neuraminidase (NA), the IAV surface protein responsible for viral release, followed a bimodal distribution, with up to 20 % of small VLPs showing undetectable NA signal post-aerosolization, indicating greater susceptibility to structural degradation. These results point to the necessity of improving upon contemporary aerosolization and sampling strategies to characterize airborne filamentous viruses in controlled laboratory environments more accurately. •Virus-like particles (VLPs) as a proxy for live viruses in lab experiments.•Compared nebulizers and samplers for influenza VLP morphology and antigenicity.•Liquid spot sampler showed highest retention of filamentous virion morphology.•All three nebulizers showed 10–20 % retention in virion morphology.•The neuraminidase antigenicity of aerosolized VLPs showed a binary loss pattern.
AbstractList Laboratory experiments studying respiratory virus aerosols rely on the reproducibility of aerosolization and sampling techniques. Conventional techniques could compromise viral structure and antigenicity, particularly for pleomorphic viruses like influenza A (IAV), yet very little information is available on this issue. Here, we evaluate three aerosolization methods: Collison, Blaustein Atomization Modules (BLAM), and jet nebulizers, and three bioaerosol samplers: liquid spot sampler (LSS), wet cyclone, and SKC BioSampler, to determine their efficiency in retaining the structural stability and antigenicity of filamentous IAV virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs provide a safe and practical alternative for studying highly pathogenic airborne viruses. The BLAM and jet nebulizers maintain 12–21 % of filamentous structures, whereas the Collison nebulizer, which generates higher shear stress, reduces filament recovery to ∼10 %. The liquid spot sampler (LSS), owing to gentle condensation-based sampling technique, retains approximately 30 % of filamentous VLPs. The SKC BioSampler and wet cyclone sampler cause greater structural disruption due to higher shear stress and impaction forces and retain ∼10 % and ∼7 % of filamentous VLPs, respectively. Higher relative humidity (85 %) improves filament retention by ∼20 % compared to dry conditions (25 % RH). The antigenicity of Neuraminidase (NA), the IAV surface protein responsible for viral release, followed a bimodal distribution, with up to 20 % of small VLPs showing undetectable NA signal post-aerosolization, indicating greater susceptibility to structural degradation. These results point to the necessity of improving upon contemporary aerosolization and sampling strategies to characterize airborne filamentous viruses in controlled laboratory environments more accurately. •Virus-like particles (VLPs) as a proxy for live viruses in lab experiments.•Compared nebulizers and samplers for influenza VLP morphology and antigenicity.•Liquid spot sampler showed highest retention of filamentous virion morphology.•All three nebulizers showed 10–20 % retention in virion morphology.•The neuraminidase antigenicity of aerosolized VLPs showed a binary loss pattern.
ArticleNumber 106673
Author Li, Yuezhi (August)
Puthussery, Joseph V.
You, Shu-Wen
Vahey, Michael D.
Benegal, Ananya
Chakrabarty, Rajan K.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Yuezhi (August)
  surname: Li
  fullname: Li, Yuezhi (August)
  organization: Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Ananya
  surname: Benegal
  fullname: Benegal, Ananya
  organization: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Joseph V.
  surname: Puthussery
  fullname: Puthussery, Joseph V.
  organization: Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Shu-Wen
  surname: You
  fullname: You, Shu-Wen
  organization: Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Michael D.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9453-4860
  surname: Vahey
  fullname: Vahey, Michael D.
  email: mvahey@wustl.edu
  organization: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Rajan K.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5753-9937
  surname: Chakrabarty
  fullname: Chakrabarty, Rajan K.
  email: chakrabarty@wustl.edu
  organization: Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Keywords Airborne pathogens
Liquid spot sampler (LSS)
Antigenicity retention
Virus-like particles (VLPs)
Aerosol sampling
Bioaerosols
Language English
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Snippet Laboratory experiments studying respiratory virus aerosols rely on the reproducibility of aerosolization and sampling techniques. Conventional techniques could...
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StartPage 106673
SubjectTerms Aerosol sampling
Airborne pathogens
Antigenicity retention
Bioaerosols
Liquid spot sampler (LSS)
Virus-like particles (VLPs)
Title Comparing the impacts of aerosolization and sampling techniques on the structural integrity and antigenicity retention of influenza A virus-like particles
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