Vertical Structure and Ice Production Processes of Shallow Convective Postfrontal Clouds over the Southern Ocean in MARCUS. Part I: Observational Study
A study of the vertical structure of postfrontal shallow clouds in the marine boundary layer over the Southern Ocean is presented. The central question of this two-part study regards cloud phase (liquid/ice) of precipitation, and the associated growth mechanisms. In this first part, data from the Me...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of the atmospheric sciences Jg. 80; H. 5; S. 1285 - 1306 |
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| Sprache: | Englisch |
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American Meteorological Society
01.05.2023
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| ISSN: | 0022-4928, 1520-0469 |
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| Abstract | A study of the vertical structure of postfrontal shallow clouds in the marine boundary layer over the Southern Ocean is presented. The central question of this two-part study regards cloud phase (liquid/ice) of precipitation, and the associated growth mechanisms. In this first part, data from the Measurements of Aerosols, Radiation, and Clouds over the Southern Ocean (MARCUS) field campaign are analyzed, starting with a 75-h case with continuous sea surface-based thermal instability, modest surface heat fluxes, an open-cellular mesoscale organization, and very few ice nucleating particles (INPs). The clouds are mostly precipitating and shallow (tops mostly around 2 km above sea level), with weak up- and downdrafts, and with cloud-top temperatures generally around −18° to −10°C. The case study is extended to three other periods of postfrontal shallow clouds in MARCUS. While abundant supercooled liquid water is commonly present, an experimental cloud-phase algorithm classifies nearly two-thirds of clouds in the 0° to −5°C layer as containing ice (cloud ice, snow, or mixed phase), implying that much of the precipitation grows through cold-cloud processes. The best predictors of ice presence are cloud-top temperature, cloud depth, and INP concentration. Measures of convective activity and turbulence are found to be poor indicators of ice presence in the studied environment. The water-phase distribution in this cloud regime is explored through numerical simulations in Part II. |
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| AbstractList | A study of the vertical structure of postfrontal shallow clouds in the marine boundary layer over the Southern Ocean is presented here. The central question of this two-part study regards cloud phase (liquid/ice) of precipitation, and the associated growth mechanisms. In this first part, data from the Measurements of Aerosols, Radiation, and Clouds over the Southern Ocean (MARCUS) field campaign are analyzed, starting with a 75-h case with continuous sea surface-based thermal instability, modest surface heat fluxes, an open-cellular mesoscale organization, and very few ice nucleating particles (INPs). The clouds are mostly precipitating and shallow (tops mostly around 2 km above sea level), with weak up- and downdrafts, and with cloud-top temperatures generally around –18° to –10°C. Further, the case study is extended to three other periods of postfrontal shallow clouds in MARCUS. While abundant supercooled liquid water is commonly present, an experimental cloud-phase algorithm classifies nearly two-thirds of clouds in the 0° to –5°C layer as containing ice (cloud ice, snow, or mixed phase), implying that much of the precipitation grows through cold-cloud processes. The best predictors of ice presence are cloud-top temperature, cloud depth, and INP concentration. Measures of convective activity and turbulence are found to be poor indicators of ice presence in the studied environment. The water-phase distribution in this cloud regime is explored through numerical simulations in Part II. Significance Statement: Climate models generally predict a lower albedo than observed over the Southern Ocean, and this is largely attributed to a lack of cloudiness, especially in the postfrontal cold sector of midlatitude cyclones. This in turn may be due to an excess of ice in these simulated clouds, resulting in rapid precipitation fallout and an overly brief cloud lifespan. The objective of this study is to examine whether shallow postfrontal clouds over the Southern Ocean are dominated by supercooled drops, or by snow and ice, using data collected by a U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility deployed aboard an Australian Antarctic supply vessel. We find that these clouds contain much supercooled liquid, even though cloud-top temperatures generally are around –18° to –8°C, and that about two-thirds of the clouds just above the freezing level contain ice. Much of the precipitation appears to grow through cold-cloud processes above the freezing level, rather than drizzle/rain. Updrafts and/or turbulence in convection or in cloud-top generating cells do not initiate much ice, compared to observations elsewhere in a similar temperature range. This may be attributable to the extremely low concentration of ice nucleating particles in this environment. Ultimately, the deepest clouds with the coldest cloud tops are most likely to be ice dominated. A study of the vertical structure of postfrontal shallow clouds in the marine boundary layer over the Southern Ocean is presented. The central question of this two-part study regards cloud phase (liquid/ice) of precipitation, and the associated growth mechanisms. In this first part, data from the Measurements of Aerosols, Radiation, and Clouds over the Southern Ocean (MARCUS) field campaign are analyzed, starting with a 75-h case with continuous sea surface-based thermal instability, modest surface heat fluxes, an open-cellular mesoscale organization, and very few ice nucleating particles (INPs). The clouds are mostly precipitating and shallow (tops mostly around 2 km above sea level), with weak up- and downdrafts, and with cloud-top temperatures generally around −18° to −10°C. The case study is extended to three other periods of postfrontal shallow clouds in MARCUS. While abundant supercooled liquid water is commonly present, an experimental cloud-phase algorithm classifies nearly two-thirds of clouds in the 0° to −5°C layer as containing ice (cloud ice, snow, or mixed phase), implying that much of the precipitation grows through cold-cloud processes. The best predictors of ice presence are cloud-top temperature, cloud depth, and INP concentration. Measures of convective activity and turbulence are found to be poor indicators of ice presence in the studied environment. The water-phase distribution in this cloud regime is explored through numerical simulations in Part II. |
| Author | Geerts, Bart Grasmick, Coltin Wang, Yonggang Hu, Yazhe Deng, Min Zhang, Damao Lebo, Zachary J. Lackner, Christian Philipp Hu, Yishi |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yazhe surname: Hu fullname: Hu, Yazhe organization: a Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming – sequence: 2 givenname: Bart surname: Geerts fullname: Geerts, Bart organization: a Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming – sequence: 3 givenname: Min surname: Deng fullname: Deng, Min organization: a Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming – sequence: 4 givenname: Coltin surname: Grasmick fullname: Grasmick, Coltin organization: a Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming – sequence: 5 givenname: Yonggang surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Yonggang organization: b Department of Atmospheric and Geological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York – sequence: 6 givenname: Christian Philipp surname: Lackner fullname: Lackner, Christian Philipp organization: a Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming – sequence: 7 givenname: Yishi surname: Hu fullname: Hu, Yishi organization: c School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma – sequence: 8 givenname: Zachary J. surname: Lebo fullname: Lebo, Zachary J. organization: c School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma – sequence: 9 givenname: Damao surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Damao organization: d Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington |
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Part II: Radiative and instability forcing |
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| Snippet | A study of the vertical structure of postfrontal shallow clouds in the marine boundary layer over the Southern Ocean is presented. The central question of this... A study of the vertical structure of postfrontal shallow clouds in the marine boundary layer over the Southern Ocean is presented here. The central question of... |
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| Title | Vertical Structure and Ice Production Processes of Shallow Convective Postfrontal Clouds over the Southern Ocean in MARCUS. Part I: Observational Study |
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