Vertical Profiling of Aerosol Physicochemical Properties With a New Airborne Aerosol Sampling System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Tethered Balloons

Vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties, such as chemical composition, aerosol hygroscopicity, mixing state, is crucial for understanding their interactions with boundary layer evolution and their impacts on atmospheric environment. Traditional in situ vertical observations of those...

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Published in:	Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres Vol. 130; no. 15
Main Authors:	Zhu, Shaowen, Ma, Nan, Yu, Pengfei, Xie, Linhong, Hong, Juan, Lu, Nan, Bai, Zhixuan, Deng, Zhaoze, Ran, Liang, Wu, Yunfei, Bian, Jianchun, Wang, Qiyuan, Tao, Jiangchuan, Zhou, Yaqing, Wang, Qiaoqiao, Su, Hang, Cheng, Yafang
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Washington Blackwell Publishing Ltd 16.08.2025
Subjects:	Aerosol sampling Aerosols Air sampling airborne aerosol sampling system Analog computers Astronomical instruments Atmospheric aerosols Atmospheric boundary layer Balloons Black carbon Boundary layer evolution Boundary layers Chemical composition Diurnal variations Ground stations Hygroscopicity Meteorological balloons Photometers Physicochemical processes Physicochemical properties Profiling Properties Sampling Tethered balloons Unmanned aerial vehicles unmanned aerial vehicles and tethered balloons Vertical distribution Vertical profiles Vertical profiling
ISSN:	2169-897X, 2169-8996
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Abstract	Vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties, such as chemical composition, aerosol hygroscopicity, mixing state, is crucial for understanding their interactions with boundary layer evolution and their impacts on atmospheric environment. Traditional in situ vertical observations of those properties mainly rely on aircraft platforms, which are costly, subject to numerous constraints, and are unsuitable for near‐ground (<500 m) measurements. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and tethered balloons (TBs) are ideal platforms for observations within the atmospheric boundary layer but can only carry portable instruments due to payload limitations. In this study, a novel method for vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties within 1 km is designed utilizing a self‐developed lightweight airborne aerosol sampling system (AS2) integrated onto UAVs or TBs platforms. AS2 collects and preserves atmospheric aerosol samples in aerosol form, enabling subsequent analysis by online instruments at the ground station. During a field campaign in Golmud, Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, in 2021, the AS2 was applied alongside a Single Particle Soot Photometer and a Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to obtain vertical profiles of the refractory black carbon (rBC) mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity. Results show that both the rBC mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity exhibit significant vertical and diurnal variations. Our method provides an easy‐to‐implement and cost‐effective approach for obtaining vertical distribution data on aerosol physicochemical properties, thereby aiding the expansion of relevant databases across various environments. Plain Language Summary Vertical distribution of aerosol physicochemical properties is essential for understanding their environment and climate effects. Traditional aircraft‐based measurements of those properties are costly and limited for near‐ground (<500 m) measurements. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and tethered balloons (TBs), though optimal for near‐ground observations, are subject to payload constraints. This study introduces a new method for profiling these properties by developing a lightweight airborne aerosol sampling system (AS2) that can be attached to UAV or TB platforms. This system can collect and store atmospheric aerosol samples at different heights, enabling further analysis by online instruments at the ground station. During a 2021 field campaign in Golmud, AS2 was practically applied together with a Single Particle Soot Photometer and a Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to obtain the vertical profiles of refractory black carbon (rBC) mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity. Results show that both rBC mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity exhibit distinct vertical and diurnal variations, plausibly attributed to the effects of boundary layer evolution. Our method offers an easy‐to‐implement and cost‐effective way to obtain the vertical distribution of aerosol physicochemical properties across various environments. Key Points A novel method based on unmanned aerial vehicle and tethered balloon was designed for vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties up to 1 km Significant vertical and diurnal variations in both rBC mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity were observed during the campaign in Golmud
AbstractList	Vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties, such as chemical composition, aerosol hygroscopicity, mixing state, is crucial for understanding their interactions with boundary layer evolution and their impacts on atmospheric environment. Traditional in situ vertical observations of those properties mainly rely on aircraft platforms, which are costly, subject to numerous constraints, and are unsuitable for near‐ground (<500 m) measurements. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and tethered balloons (TBs) are ideal platforms for observations within the atmospheric boundary layer but can only carry portable instruments due to payload limitations. In this study, a novel method for vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties within 1 km is designed utilizing a self‐developed lightweight airborne aerosol sampling system (AS2) integrated onto UAVs or TBs platforms. AS2 collects and preserves atmospheric aerosol samples in aerosol form, enabling subsequent analysis by online instruments at the ground station. During a field campaign in Golmud, Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, in 2021, the AS2 was applied alongside a Single Particle Soot Photometer and a Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to obtain vertical profiles of the refractory black carbon (rBC) mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity. Results show that both the rBC mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity exhibit significant vertical and diurnal variations. Our method provides an easy‐to‐implement and cost‐effective approach for obtaining vertical distribution data on aerosol physicochemical properties, thereby aiding the expansion of relevant databases across various environments. Vertical distribution of aerosol physicochemical properties is essential for understanding their environment and climate effects. Traditional aircraft‐based measurements of those properties are costly and limited for near‐ground (<500 m) measurements. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and tethered balloons (TBs), though optimal for near‐ground observations, are subject to payload constraints. This study introduces a new method for profiling these properties by developing a lightweight airborne aerosol sampling system (AS2) that can be attached to UAV or TB platforms. This system can collect and store atmospheric aerosol samples at different heights, enabling further analysis by online instruments at the ground station. During a 2021 field campaign in Golmud, AS2 was practically applied together with a Single Particle Soot Photometer and a Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to obtain the vertical profiles of refractory black carbon (rBC) mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity. Results show that both rBC mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity exhibit distinct vertical and diurnal variations, plausibly attributed to the effects of boundary layer evolution. Our method offers an easy‐to‐implement and cost‐effective way to obtain the vertical distribution of aerosol physicochemical properties across various environments. A novel method based on unmanned aerial vehicle and tethered balloon was designed for vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties up to 1 km Significant vertical and diurnal variations in both rBC mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity were observed during the campaign in Golmud Vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties, such as chemical composition, aerosol hygroscopicity, mixing state, is crucial for understanding their interactions with boundary layer evolution and their impacts on atmospheric environment. Traditional in situ vertical observations of those properties mainly rely on aircraft platforms, which are costly, subject to numerous constraints, and are unsuitable for near‐ground (<500 m) measurements. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and tethered balloons (TBs) are ideal platforms for observations within the atmospheric boundary layer but can only carry portable instruments due to payload limitations. In this study, a novel method for vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties within 1 km is designed utilizing a self‐developed lightweight airborne aerosol sampling system (AS2) integrated onto UAVs or TBs platforms. AS2 collects and preserves atmospheric aerosol samples in aerosol form, enabling subsequent analysis by online instruments at the ground station. During a field campaign in Golmud, Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, in 2021, the AS2 was applied alongside a Single Particle Soot Photometer and a Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to obtain vertical profiles of the refractory black carbon (rBC) mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity. Results show that both the rBC mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity exhibit significant vertical and diurnal variations. Our method provides an easy‐to‐implement and cost‐effective approach for obtaining vertical distribution data on aerosol physicochemical properties, thereby aiding the expansion of relevant databases across various environments. Vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties, such as chemical composition, aerosol hygroscopicity, mixing state, is crucial for understanding their interactions with boundary layer evolution and their impacts on atmospheric environment. Traditional in situ vertical observations of those properties mainly rely on aircraft platforms, which are costly, subject to numerous constraints, and are unsuitable for near‐ground (<500 m) measurements. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and tethered balloons (TBs) are ideal platforms for observations within the atmospheric boundary layer but can only carry portable instruments due to payload limitations. In this study, a novel method for vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties within 1 km is designed utilizing a self‐developed lightweight airborne aerosol sampling system (AS2) integrated onto UAVs or TBs platforms. AS2 collects and preserves atmospheric aerosol samples in aerosol form, enabling subsequent analysis by online instruments at the ground station. During a field campaign in Golmud, Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, in 2021, the AS2 was applied alongside a Single Particle Soot Photometer and a Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to obtain vertical profiles of the refractory black carbon (rBC) mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity. Results show that both the rBC mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity exhibit significant vertical and diurnal variations. Our method provides an easy‐to‐implement and cost‐effective approach for obtaining vertical distribution data on aerosol physicochemical properties, thereby aiding the expansion of relevant databases across various environments. Plain Language Summary Vertical distribution of aerosol physicochemical properties is essential for understanding their environment and climate effects. Traditional aircraft‐based measurements of those properties are costly and limited for near‐ground (<500 m) measurements. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and tethered balloons (TBs), though optimal for near‐ground observations, are subject to payload constraints. This study introduces a new method for profiling these properties by developing a lightweight airborne aerosol sampling system (AS2) that can be attached to UAV or TB platforms. This system can collect and store atmospheric aerosol samples at different heights, enabling further analysis by online instruments at the ground station. During a 2021 field campaign in Golmud, AS2 was practically applied together with a Single Particle Soot Photometer and a Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to obtain the vertical profiles of refractory black carbon (rBC) mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity. Results show that both rBC mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity exhibit distinct vertical and diurnal variations, plausibly attributed to the effects of boundary layer evolution. Our method offers an easy‐to‐implement and cost‐effective way to obtain the vertical distribution of aerosol physicochemical properties across various environments. Key Points A novel method based on unmanned aerial vehicle and tethered balloon was designed for vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties up to 1 km Significant vertical and diurnal variations in both rBC mixing state and aerosol hygroscopicity were observed during the campaign in Golmud
Author	Zhou, Yaqing Cheng, Yafang Lu, Nan Bai, Zhixuan Bian, Jianchun Yu, Pengfei Ran, Liang Wang, Qiyuan Xie, Linhong Deng, Zhaoze Wu, Yunfei Tao, Jiangchuan Ma, Nan Wang, Qiaoqiao Zhu, Shaowen Su, Hang Hong, Juan
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Shaowen surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Shaowen organization: Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality – sequence: 2 givenname: Nan orcidid: 0000-0003-4494-3337 surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Nan email: nan.ma@jnu.edu.cn organization: Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality – sequence: 3 givenname: Pengfei surname: Yu fullname: Yu, Pengfei organization: Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality – sequence: 4 givenname: Linhong surname: Xie fullname: Xie, Linhong organization: Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality – sequence: 5 givenname: Juan surname: Hong fullname: Hong, Juan organization: Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality – sequence: 6 givenname: Nan surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Nan organization: Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality – sequence: 7 givenname: Zhixuan surname: Bai fullname: Bai, Zhixuan organization: Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 8 givenname: Zhaoze surname: Deng fullname: Deng, Zhaoze organization: Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 9 givenname: Liang surname: Ran fullname: Ran, Liang organization: Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 10 givenname: Yunfei orcidid: 0000-0002-1251-0425 surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Yunfei organization: Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 11 givenname: Jianchun orcidid: 0000-0001-9809-5834 surname: Bian fullname: Bian, Jianchun organization: Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 12 givenname: Qiyuan orcidid: 0000-0003-2529-6226 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Qiyuan organization: Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 13 givenname: Jiangchuan orcidid: 0009-0007-7118-8070 surname: Tao fullname: Tao, Jiangchuan organization: Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality – sequence: 14 givenname: Yaqing surname: Zhou fullname: Zhou, Yaqing organization: Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality – sequence: 15 givenname: Qiaoqiao orcidid: 0000-0001-9275-1765 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Qiaoqiao organization: Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality – sequence: 16 givenname: Hang surname: Su fullname: Su, Hang organization: Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 17 givenname: Yafang orcidid: 0000-0003-4912-9879 surname: Cheng fullname: Cheng, Yafang organization: Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
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Snippet	Vertical profiling of aerosol physicochemical properties, such as chemical composition, aerosol hygroscopicity, mixing state, is crucial for understanding...
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SubjectTerms	Aerosol sampling Aerosols Air sampling airborne aerosol sampling system Analog computers Astronomical instruments Atmospheric aerosols Atmospheric boundary layer Balloons Black carbon Boundary layer evolution Boundary layers Chemical composition Diurnal variations Ground stations Hygroscopicity Meteorological balloons Photometers Physicochemical processes Physicochemical properties Profiling Properties Sampling Tethered balloons Unmanned aerial vehicles unmanned aerial vehicles and tethered balloons Vertical distribution Vertical profiles Vertical profiling
Title	Vertical Profiling of Aerosol Physicochemical Properties With a New Airborne Aerosol Sampling System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Tethered Balloons
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