Machine learning-aided biochar design for the adsorptive removal of emerging inorganic pollutants in water

The escalating presence of emerging inorganic pollutants (EIPs) including vanadium (V), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), mercury (Hg), fluoride (F−), and rare earth elements (REEs) in aquatic environments poses a significant threat to water quality and human health. Therefore, remediation of EIPs conta...

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Vydáno v:Separation and purification technology Ročník 362; s. 131421
Hlavní autoři: Ullah, Habib, Khan, Sangar, Zhu, Xiaoying, Chen, Baoliang, Rao, Zepeng, Wu, Naicheng, Idris, Abubakr M
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Elsevier B.V 30.07.2025
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ISSN:1383-5866
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Abstract The escalating presence of emerging inorganic pollutants (EIPs) including vanadium (V), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), mercury (Hg), fluoride (F−), and rare earth elements (REEs) in aquatic environments poses a significant threat to water quality and human health. Therefore, remediation of EIPs contaminated water is of pressing concern. Biochar adsorption offers a promising, environmentally benign, and cost-effective approach for EIP removal. However, inconsistent experimental methodologies and varying research objectives in previous studies hinder the selection of optimal biochar for specific EIP. Developing biochar materials with high adsorption capacity is crucial for effectively removing EIPs from water. However, the optimization of biochar designing using advanced artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies has not been thoroughly reviewed. This study employed a dataset of 528 data points from 61 biochar samples, collected from adsorption experiments conducted between 2014 and 2024, encompassing 24 variables related to various EIPs. To predict adsorption capacity and elucidate adsorption mechanisms, Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), XGBoost, and CatBoost machine learning algorithms were applied. The XGBoost model outperformed the others, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.96 and a lower root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.4. Feature importance and SHAP value analysis identified reaction pH, initial concentration and pyrolysis temperature as key predictors of adsorption efficiency. Future predictions from the XGBoost model indicate that reaction pH, initial concentration pyrolysis temperature and biochar pH, are critical factors influencing EIP adsorption. This research offers novel insights into EIPs adsorption and establishes a framework for designing sustainable biochar-based adsorbents for wastewater treatment.
AbstractList The escalating presence of emerging inorganic pollutants (EIPs) including vanadium (V), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), mercury (Hg), fluoride (F−), and rare earth elements (REEs) in aquatic environments poses a significant threat to water quality and human health. Therefore, remediation of EIPs contaminated water is of pressing concern. Biochar adsorption offers a promising, environmentally benign, and cost-effective approach for EIP removal. However, inconsistent experimental methodologies and varying research objectives in previous studies hinder the selection of optimal biochar for specific EIP. Developing biochar materials with high adsorption capacity is crucial for effectively removing EIPs from water. However, the optimization of biochar designing using advanced artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies has not been thoroughly reviewed. This study employed a dataset of 528 data points from 61 biochar samples, collected from adsorption experiments conducted between 2014 and 2024, encompassing 24 variables related to various EIPs. To predict adsorption capacity and elucidate adsorption mechanisms, Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), XGBoost, and CatBoost machine learning algorithms were applied. The XGBoost model outperformed the others, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.96 and a lower root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.4. Feature importance and SHAP value analysis identified reaction pH, initial concentration and pyrolysis temperature as key predictors of adsorption efficiency. Future predictions from the XGBoost model indicate that reaction pH, initial concentration pyrolysis temperature and biochar pH, are critical factors influencing EIP adsorption. This research offers novel insights into EIPs adsorption and establishes a framework for designing sustainable biochar-based adsorbents for wastewater treatment.
ArticleNumber 131421
Author Khan, Sangar
Rao, Zepeng
Chen, Baoliang
Idris, Abubakr M
Zhu, Xiaoying
Ullah, Habib
Wu, Naicheng
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  surname: Ullah
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  organization: Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 311400, China
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  givenname: Sangar
  surname: Khan
  fullname: Khan, Sangar
  organization: Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
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  givenname: Xiaoying
  surname: Zhu
  fullname: Zhu, Xiaoying
  organization: Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 311400, China
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  givenname: Baoliang
  orcidid: 0000-0001-8196-081X
  surname: Chen
  fullname: Chen, Baoliang
  email: blchen@zju.edu.cn
  organization: Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 311400, China
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  givenname: Zepeng
  surname: Rao
  fullname: Rao, Zepeng
  organization: Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 311400, China
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  givenname: Naicheng
  surname: Wu
  fullname: Wu, Naicheng
  organization: Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Abubakr M
  surname: Idris
  fullname: Idris, Abubakr M
  organization: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
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crossref_primary_10_1016_j_desal_2025_119261
crossref_primary_10_3389_fsoil_2025_1623083
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Keywords Machine learning (ML)
Inorganic water pollution
XGBoost algorithm
Adsorption
Biochar
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Snippet The escalating presence of emerging inorganic pollutants (EIPs) including vanadium (V), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), mercury (Hg), fluoride (F−), and rare...
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SubjectTerms Adsorption
Biochar
Inorganic water pollution
Machine learning (ML)
XGBoost algorithm
Title Machine learning-aided biochar design for the adsorptive removal of emerging inorganic pollutants in water
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.131421
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