Exploration and generalization in deep learning with SwitchPath activations

This work provides a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of SwitchPath, a stochastic activation function that improves learning dynamics by probabilistically toggling between a neuron standard activation and its negation. We develop theoretical foundations and demonstrate its impact in...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Machine learning Jg. 114; H. 9; S. 200
Hauptverfasser:	Di Cecco, Antonio, Papini, Andrea, Metta, Carlo, Fantozzi, Marco, Galfrè, Silvia Giulia, Morandin, Francesco, Parton, Maurizio
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Dordrecht Springer Nature B.V 01.09.2025
Schlagworte:	Adaptability Algorithms Back propagation Decision making Decision trees Deep learning Empirical analysis Generative networks Gradient flow Machine learning Neural network algorithms Neural networks Neurons Regularization
ISSN:	0885-6125, 1573-0565, 1573-0565
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Abstract	This work provides a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of SwitchPath, a stochastic activation function that improves learning dynamics by probabilistically toggling between a neuron standard activation and its negation. We develop theoretical foundations and demonstrate its impact in multiple scenarios. By maintaining gradient flow and injecting controlled stochasticity, the method improves generalization, uncertainty estimation, and training efficiency. Experiments in classification show consistent gains over ReLU and Leaky ReLU across CNNs and Vision Transformers, with reduced overfitting and better test accuracy. In generative modeling, a novel two-phase training scheme significantly mitigates mode collapse and accelerates convergence. Our theoretical analysis reveals that SwitchPath introduces a form of multiplicative noise that acts as a structural regularizer. Additional empirical investigations show improved information propagation and reduced model complexity. These results establish this activation mechanism as a simple yet effective way to enhance exploration, regularization, and reliability in modern neural networks.
AbstractList	This work provides a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of SwitchPath, a stochastic activation function that improves learning dynamics by probabilistically toggling between a neuron standard activation and its negation. We develop theoretical foundations and demonstrate its impact in multiple scenarios. By maintaining gradient flow and injecting controlled stochasticity, the method improves generalization, uncertainty estimation, and training efficiency. Experiments in classification show consistent gains over ReLU and Leaky ReLU across CNNs and Vision Transformers, with reduced overfitting and better test accuracy. In generative modeling, a novel two-phase training scheme significantly mitigates mode collapse and accelerates convergence. Our theoretical analysis reveals that SwitchPath introduces a form of multiplicative noise that acts as a structural regularizer. Additional empirical investigations show improved information propagation and reduced model complexity. These results establish this activation mechanism as a simple yet effective way to enhance exploration, regularization, and reliability in modern neural networks.
ArticleNumber	200
Author	Morandin, Francesco Parton, Maurizio Di Cecco, Antonio Fantozzi, Marco Metta, Carlo Papini, Andrea Galfrè, Silvia Giulia
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Antonio surname: Di Cecco fullname: Di Cecco, Antonio – sequence: 2 givenname: Andrea surname: Papini fullname: Papini, Andrea – sequence: 3 givenname: Carlo surname: Metta fullname: Metta, Carlo – sequence: 4 givenname: Marco surname: Fantozzi fullname: Fantozzi, Marco – sequence: 5 givenname: Silvia Giulia surname: Galfrè fullname: Galfrè, Silvia Giulia – sequence: 6 givenname: Francesco surname: Morandin fullname: Morandin, Francesco – sequence: 7 givenname: Maurizio surname: Parton fullname: Parton, Maurizio
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SubjectTerms	Adaptability Algorithms Back propagation Decision making Decision trees Deep learning Empirical analysis Generative networks Gradient flow Machine learning Neural network algorithms Neural networks Neurons Regularization
Title	Exploration and generalization in deep learning with SwitchPath activations
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