Benchmarking performance of equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalysts in the catalytic cracking of polypropylene
With the transition of the chemical industry towards renewable and recycled feedstocks, cracking catalysts are explored for a new application in converting difficult to recycle polyolefin plastics to feeds for the chemical industry. The refining industry generates large volumes of equilibrium fluid...
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| Published in: | Applied catalysis. B, Environmental Vol. 383; p. 126059 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier B.V
01.04.2026
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| ISSN: | 0926-3373 |
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| Abstract | With the transition of the chemical industry towards renewable and recycled feedstocks, cracking catalysts are explored for a new application in converting difficult to recycle polyolefin plastics to feeds for the chemical industry. The refining industry generates large volumes of equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (ECAT) as waste materials, which might find a secondary end-of-life application as plastic cracking catalyst. Herein, we aim at establishing which ECAT materials are particularly attractive for plastic waste conversion. We screened a broad range of materials selected for both their activity and accessibility. We establish the range of activity which is achievable with this type of catalyst, placing important boundaries on process conditions. We find that an industry standard vacuum gas oil (VGO) cracking activity test, namely the fluid bed simulated test, not only predicts plastic cracking activity, but is also a very good indicator for propylene selectivity. Historical data gathered by industrial researchers might therefore prove highly useful in identifying more active and selective plastic cracking catalysts, offering concrete guidance on catalyst selection. This finding further suggests that the active sites critical for cracking of VGO are of similar importance for plastic cracking. However, we find that various characterization techniques including physisorption, contaminant analysis and determination of external acidity do not offer concrete guidance on catalyst selection. This work therefore demonstrates the limitations of routine catalyst characterization as an indicator of performance, but showcases how established activity metrics can aid in the transition of the chemical industry to recycled feedstocks.
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•Plastic cracking activity for a broad range ECATs is benchmarked against zeolite Y.•VGO cracking activity predicts plastic cracking activity and propylene selectivity.•Historical cracking data can be used to identify promising plastic cracking catalysts. |
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| AbstractList | With the transition of the chemical industry towards renewable and recycled feedstocks, cracking catalysts are explored for a new application in converting difficult to recycle polyolefin plastics to feeds for the chemical industry. The refining industry generates large volumes of equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (ECAT) as waste materials, which might find a secondary end-of-life application as plastic cracking catalyst. Herein, we aim at establishing which ECAT materials are particularly attractive for plastic waste conversion. We screened a broad range of materials selected for both their activity and accessibility. We establish the range of activity which is achievable with this type of catalyst, placing important boundaries on process conditions. We find that an industry standard vacuum gas oil (VGO) cracking activity test, namely the fluid bed simulated test, not only predicts plastic cracking activity, but is also a very good indicator for propylene selectivity. Historical data gathered by industrial researchers might therefore prove highly useful in identifying more active and selective plastic cracking catalysts, offering concrete guidance on catalyst selection. This finding further suggests that the active sites critical for cracking of VGO are of similar importance for plastic cracking. However, we find that various characterization techniques including physisorption, contaminant analysis and determination of external acidity do not offer concrete guidance on catalyst selection. This work therefore demonstrates the limitations of routine catalyst characterization as an indicator of performance, but showcases how established activity metrics can aid in the transition of the chemical industry to recycled feedstocks.
[Display omitted]
•Plastic cracking activity for a broad range ECATs is benchmarked against zeolite Y.•VGO cracking activity predicts plastic cracking activity and propylene selectivity.•Historical cracking data can be used to identify promising plastic cracking catalysts. |
| ArticleNumber | 126059 |
| Author | Strohm, James Weckhuysen, Bert M. Vollmer, Ina Rejman, Sebastian Boot, Ludo van der Linden, Jeroen |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sebastian orcidid: 0000-0001-7976-6372 surname: Rejman fullname: Rejman, Sebastian organization: Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, the Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: Ludo orcidid: 0009-0007-1552-1692 surname: Boot fullname: Boot, Ludo organization: Ketjen Corporation, Nieuwendammerkade 1-3, Amsterdam 1022 AB, the Netherlands – sequence: 3 givenname: James surname: Strohm fullname: Strohm, James organization: Ketjen Corporation, 13000 Bay Park Road, Pasadena, TX 77507-1104, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Jeroen surname: van der Linden fullname: van der Linden, Jeroen organization: Ketjen Corporation, Nieuwendammerkade 1-3, Amsterdam 1022 AB, the Netherlands – sequence: 5 givenname: Ina orcidid: 0000-0001-9917-1499 surname: Vollmer fullname: Vollmer, Ina email: i.vollmer@uu.nl organization: Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, the Netherlands – sequence: 6 givenname: Bert M. orcidid: 0000-0001-5245-1426 surname: Weckhuysen fullname: Weckhuysen, Bert M. email: b.m.weckhuysen@uu.nl organization: Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, the Netherlands |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1002/anie.201915651 10.1021/acsanm.4c04544 10.1002/cctc.202201302 10.1039/C5CS00376H 10.1021/acs.est.7b04573 10.1002/cphc.202000062 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10097 10.1021/ja01236a048 10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00203-5 10.1039/D3CY01473H 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.076 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.03.003 10.1038/s41467-025-57158-1 10.1016/j.cattod.2024.114950 10.1002/cssc.202100889 10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00036-6 10.1038/s41586-024-07322-2 10.1016/j.cej.2014.11.092 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.09.023 10.1007/s10450-019-00168-5 10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-4fq4v 10.1002/app.30555 10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.07.005 10.1039/D3SC03229A 10.1002/anie.202104110 |
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| Keywords | Pyrolysis Fluid catalytic cracking Kinetics Chemical recycling Polypropylene Catalytic cracking |
| Language | English |
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| SubjectTerms | Catalytic cracking Chemical recycling Fluid catalytic cracking Kinetics Polypropylene Pyrolysis |
| Title | Benchmarking performance of equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalysts in the catalytic cracking of polypropylene |
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