A new lens on biodiversity assessment: The reliability of high-resolution remote sensing in investigating tree species diversity in old-growth forests
Describing and monitoring biodiversity in complex ecosystems is crucial for conservation and sustainable forest management. This study investigates the effectiveness of high-resolution remote sensing (RS) in assessing tree species diversity within the Białowieża Forest, one of the most natural lowla...
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| Vydané v: | Forest ecology and management Ročník 595; s. 122987 |
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| Hlavní autori: | , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
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Elsevier B.V
01.11.2025
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| ISSN: | 0378-1127 |
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| Abstract | Describing and monitoring biodiversity in complex ecosystems is crucial for conservation and sustainable forest management. This study investigates the effectiveness of high-resolution remote sensing (RS) in assessing tree species diversity within the Białowieża Forest, one of the most natural lowland forests in Europe and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The research aimed to evaluate two hypotheses: (H1) that RS can reliably assess canopy tree species diversity across different spatial contexts, and (H2) that there is a strong correlation between RS-derived biodiversity estimates and field measurements, with the correlation varying based on forest management and species composition. The study employed active (Airborne Laser Scanning - ALS) and passive (Color Infrared - CIR) RS data, along with XGBoost, to create species maps, which were compared with field measurements collected across three species compositions and three management categories. Findings suggest that RS is particularly reliable in stable environments with homogeneous species distributions, such as in mixed stands and managed forests, where RS closely aligned with field measurements. However, challenges emerged in capturing rare species and accurately estimating species densities in stands with complex vertical stratification, such as broadleaved stands and strict reserves. These limitations were identified as a critical determinant of the success of RS in biodiversity monitoring, whereas weaker correlations between canopy and understory diversity had a comparatively lesser impact. Overall, this study underscores the potential of RS in assessing tree species diversity, including both canopy and understory, and emphasizes its significance in supporting biodiversity monitoring and conservation.
•RS assesses canopy diversity in stable forests but struggles with rare species.•RS performs best in balanced stands, with reduced accuracy in heterogeneous stands.•RS has difficulty distinguishing rare and less frequent species.•RS struggles in complex stands, often misestimating rare and understory species. |
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| AbstractList | Describing and monitoring biodiversity in complex ecosystems is crucial for conservation and sustainable forest management. This study investigates the effectiveness of high-resolution remote sensing (RS) in assessing tree species diversity within the Białowieża Forest, one of the most natural lowland forests in Europe and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The research aimed to evaluate two hypotheses: (H1) that RS can reliably assess canopy tree species diversity across different spatial contexts, and (H2) that there is a strong correlation between RS-derived biodiversity estimates and field measurements, with the correlation varying based on forest management and species composition. The study employed active (Airborne Laser Scanning - ALS) and passive (Color Infrared - CIR) RS data, along with XGBoost, to create species maps, which were compared with field measurements collected across three species compositions and three management categories. Findings suggest that RS is particularly reliable in stable environments with homogeneous species distributions, such as in mixed stands and managed forests, where RS closely aligned with field measurements. However, challenges emerged in capturing rare species and accurately estimating species densities in stands with complex vertical stratification, such as broadleaved stands and strict reserves. These limitations were identified as a critical determinant of the success of RS in biodiversity monitoring, whereas weaker correlations between canopy and understory diversity had a comparatively lesser impact. Overall, this study underscores the potential of RS in assessing tree species diversity, including both canopy and understory, and emphasizes its significance in supporting biodiversity monitoring and conservation.
•RS assesses canopy diversity in stable forests but struggles with rare species.•RS performs best in balanced stands, with reduced accuracy in heterogeneous stands.•RS has difficulty distinguishing rare and less frequent species.•RS struggles in complex stands, often misestimating rare and understory species. |
| ArticleNumber | 122987 |
| Author | Stereńczak, Krzysztof Erfanifard, Yousef Lisiewicz, Maciej Kuberski, Łukasz Czerepko, Janusz Mielcarek, Miłosz Kraszewski, Bartłomiej |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yousef orcidid: 0000-0002-1996-4526 surname: Erfanifard fullname: Erfanifard, Yousef email: erfanifard@ut.ac.ir organization: Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155, Iran – sequence: 2 givenname: Bartłomiej surname: Kraszewski fullname: Kraszewski, Bartłomiej organization: Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Braci Leśnej 3 Street, Sękocin Stary, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland – sequence: 3 givenname: Maciej orcidid: 0000-0003-0676-8291 surname: Lisiewicz fullname: Lisiewicz, Maciej organization: Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Braci Leśnej 3 Street, Sękocin Stary, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland – sequence: 4 givenname: Miłosz surname: Mielcarek fullname: Mielcarek, Miłosz organization: IDEAS NCBR sp. z o.o., Ul. Chmielna 69, 00-801 Warsaw, Poland – sequence: 5 givenname: Janusz orcidid: 0000-0002-7485-0134 surname: Czerepko fullname: Czerepko, Janusz organization: Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Braci Leśnej 3 Street, Sękocin Stary, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland – sequence: 6 givenname: Łukasz orcidid: 0000-0001-9815-9746 surname: Kuberski fullname: Kuberski, Łukasz organization: Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, Park Dyrekcyjny 6 Street, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland – sequence: 7 givenname: Krzysztof surname: Stereńczak fullname: Stereńczak, Krzysztof organization: Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Braci Leśnej 3 Street, Sękocin Stary, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland |
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| Keywords | XGBoost algorithm Species composition Canopy and understory diversity Airborne laser scanning (ALS) Management strategies Color infrared (CIR) imagery |
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| SubjectTerms | Airborne laser scanning (ALS) Canopy and understory diversity Color infrared (CIR) imagery Management strategies Species composition XGBoost algorithm |
| Title | A new lens on biodiversity assessment: The reliability of high-resolution remote sensing in investigating tree species diversity in old-growth forests |
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