Urban morphology and transit-oriented development (TOD): Planning and managing urban change in New Zealand

Despite transit-oriented development (TOD) being widely recognised as essential for sustainable urban growth, planning for TOD is slow to achieve successful outcomes. The theoretical and practical bases for place-specific and form-based TOD development plans remain to be clarified. In connection wit...

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Veröffentlicht in:Cities Jg. 167; S. 106407
Hauptverfasser: Li, Yan, Gu, Kai
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2025
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ISSN:0264-2751
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Abstract Despite transit-oriented development (TOD) being widely recognised as essential for sustainable urban growth, planning for TOD is slow to achieve successful outcomes. The theoretical and practical bases for place-specific and form-based TOD development plans remain to be clarified. In connection with an investigation of a railway transit node in Auckland, New Zealand, this paper combines geographical morphological and morphometric analyses for TOD planning and management plans. Based on the understanding of the spatial characteristics and development processes of a TOD area, morphological units are identified to articulate the geographical organisation of TOD activities. The subsequent morphometric analysis augments the understanding of the individual morphological units and specifies issues in the Auckland Unitary Plan and opportunities for improvement. The integration of traditional morphological approach and quantitative morphometrics has provided a more valid foundation for the achievement of both high-performing urban form and urban spatial continuity and integrity. Alongside international morphological and TOD studies, this research contributes to innovative sustainable development and enhances the practicality of morphological methods in New Zealand and beyond. •Research on geographical urban morphology as a basis for place-specific and form-based TOD planning and management plans•Study of the development process reveals morphological units that define the geographical organisation of TOD activities•Morphometric analysis augments the understanding of morphological units•The combination of traditional and digital urban morphology offers a new approach to TOD policy and practice
AbstractList Despite transit-oriented development (TOD) being widely recognised as essential for sustainable urban growth, planning for TOD is slow to achieve successful outcomes. The theoretical and practical bases for place-specific and form-based TOD development plans remain to be clarified. In connection with an investigation of a railway transit node in Auckland, New Zealand, this paper combines geographical morphological and morphometric analyses for TOD planning and management plans. Based on the understanding of the spatial characteristics and development processes of a TOD area, morphological units are identified to articulate the geographical organisation of TOD activities. The subsequent morphometric analysis augments the understanding of the individual morphological units and specifies issues in the Auckland Unitary Plan and opportunities for improvement. The integration of traditional morphological approach and quantitative morphometrics has provided a more valid foundation for the achievement of both high-performing urban form and urban spatial continuity and integrity. Alongside international morphological and TOD studies, this research contributes to innovative sustainable development and enhances the practicality of morphological methods in New Zealand and beyond. •Research on geographical urban morphology as a basis for place-specific and form-based TOD planning and management plans•Study of the development process reveals morphological units that define the geographical organisation of TOD activities•Morphometric analysis augments the understanding of morphological units•The combination of traditional and digital urban morphology offers a new approach to TOD policy and practice
ArticleNumber 106407
Author Gu, Kai
Li, Yan
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Yan
  surname: Li
  fullname: Li, Yan
  email: li.yan@auckland.ac.nz
  organization: School of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering and Design, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Kai
  surname: Gu
  fullname: Gu, Kai
  email: k.gu@auckland.ac.nz
  organization: School of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering and Design, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Keywords Auckland Unitary Plan
Transit-oriented development
Morphometrics
Urban morphology
Morphological units
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Reusser (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0505) 2008; 16
Olaru (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0465) 2011; 45
Bertolini (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0155) 2009
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Ibrahim (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0350) 2022; 6
Venerandi (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0590) 2023; 50
Hoffman (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0330) 2019
Eke Panuku Development Auckland (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0245)
Howick Historical Village (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0340)
Kropf (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0395) 2013
Fleischmann (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0265) 2021
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Auckland Transport Open GIS Data (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0130)
Auckland Council (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0050)
Land Information New Zealand (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0405)
Comer (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0205) 2015; 60
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City Rail Link (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0195)
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Auckland Transport Open GIS Data (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0135)
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Jamme (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0360) 2019; 39
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Slater (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0525) 1981; 13
Ibraeva (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0345) 2020; 132
Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections Map 71 (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0100)
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Auckland Council GeoMaps (10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407_bb0085)
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Snippet Despite transit-oriented development (TOD) being widely recognised as essential for sustainable urban growth, planning for TOD is slow to achieve successful...
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StartPage 106407
SubjectTerms Auckland Unitary Plan
Morphological units
Morphometrics
Transit-oriented development
Urban morphology
Title Urban morphology and transit-oriented development (TOD): Planning and managing urban change in New Zealand
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.106407
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