Unconventional uranium in China's phosphate rock: Review and outlook
Some phosphate rock contains elevated concentrations of natural uranium. China is the largest phosphate rock producing country in the world and will soon have the largest uranium requirements in the world as well. Most phosphate rock deposits in China show low uranium concentrations (20–30 mg/kg) so...
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| Vydané v: | Renewable & sustainable energy reviews Ročník 140; s. 110740 |
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| Hlavní autori: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
01.04.2021
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| ISSN: | 1364-0321, 1879-0690 |
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| Abstract | Some phosphate rock contains elevated concentrations of natural uranium. China is the largest phosphate rock producing country in the world and will soon have the largest uranium requirements in the world as well. Most phosphate rock deposits in China show low uranium concentrations (20–30 mg/kg) so that the recovery of radiotoxic heavy metals is neither economically appropriate nor ecologically necessary. China does, however, also have elevated uranium concentrations (≥90 mg/kg) in phosphate rock deposits in Sichuan and Yunnan. We estimate that China could have recovered nearly 648 metric tU (1.43 million lb U3O8) from those mines in 2016. The amount corresponds to 9.7% of the total reported uranium requirements in this year or 39.3% of reported domestic uranium production in 2016. The future uranium recovery potential may be even higher in total numbers (1158 tU or 3.01 million lb U3O8 in 2030). The main reason are potentially increasing imports of phosphate rock from large exporting countries such as Morocco that show higher average uranium content. In addition, medium- to lower-grade domestic phosphate rock resources with larger shares of accompanying heavy metals, that include rare earths and uranium, will have to be processed. Although the uranium supply for China is currently not at risk, the supply security could be further increased by obtaining unconventional uranium from domestic and imported phosphate rock.
•We estimate the quantity of uranium that can be recovered from phosphates in China.•Uranium from phosphates could have covered 10% of China's uranium requirements in 2016.•Uranium from phosphates could be as high as 39% of the domestic production in 2016.•Future uranium recovery potential is even more considerable but dwarfed by uranium needs.•China may loosely follow a “four-fourths-rule” for the country's uranium supply security. |
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| AbstractList | Some phosphate rock contains elevated concentrations of natural uranium. China is the largest phosphate rock producing country in the world and will soon have the largest uranium requirements in the world as well. Most phosphate rock deposits in China show low uranium concentrations (20–30 mg/kg) so that the recovery of radiotoxic heavy metals is neither economically appropriate nor ecologically necessary. China does, however, also have elevated uranium concentrations (≥90 mg/kg) in phosphate rock deposits in Sichuan and Yunnan. We estimate that China could have recovered nearly 648 metric tU (1.43 million lb U3O8) from those mines in 2016. The amount corresponds to 9.7% of the total reported uranium requirements in this year or 39.3% of reported domestic uranium production in 2016. The future uranium recovery potential may be even higher in total numbers (1158 tU or 3.01 million lb U3O8 in 2030). The main reason are potentially increasing imports of phosphate rock from large exporting countries such as Morocco that show higher average uranium content. In addition, medium- to lower-grade domestic phosphate rock resources with larger shares of accompanying heavy metals, that include rare earths and uranium, will have to be processed. Although the uranium supply for China is currently not at risk, the supply security could be further increased by obtaining unconventional uranium from domestic and imported phosphate rock.
•We estimate the quantity of uranium that can be recovered from phosphates in China.•Uranium from phosphates could have covered 10% of China's uranium requirements in 2016.•Uranium from phosphates could be as high as 39% of the domestic production in 2016.•Future uranium recovery potential is even more considerable but dwarfed by uranium needs.•China may loosely follow a “four-fourths-rule” for the country's uranium supply security. |
| ArticleNumber | 110740 |
| Author | Geissler, Bernhard Zenk, Lukas Zheng, Yanhua Wang, Menglai Shang, Delei Tulsidas, Harikrishnan Li, Ziying Barker, Lee Bertau, Martin El-Yahyaoui, Adil Deng, Huidong Mew, Michael Haneklaus, Nils Taha, Mohamed Liu, Xiaodong Yao, Yuan Zhong, Jun Satalkina, Liliya Hussein, Ahmed Steiner, Gerald |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Delei orcidid: 0000-0002-6590-0021 surname: Shang fullname: Shang, Delei organization: Institute of Deep Earth Sciences and Green Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Bernhard orcidid: 0000-0002-0123-1893 surname: Geissler fullname: Geissler, Bernhard organization: Danube University Krems, Td Lab Sustainable Mineral Resources, 3500, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, Austria – sequence: 3 givenname: Michael surname: Mew fullname: Mew, Michael organization: Danube University Krems, Td Lab Sustainable Mineral Resources, 3500, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, Austria – sequence: 4 givenname: Liliya orcidid: 0000-0002-1466-6159 surname: Satalkina fullname: Satalkina, Liliya organization: Danube University Krems, Td Lab Sustainable Mineral Resources, 3500, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, Austria – sequence: 5 givenname: Lukas orcidid: 0000-0002-8354-1747 surname: Zenk fullname: Zenk, Lukas organization: Danube University Krems, Td Lab Sustainable Mineral Resources, 3500, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, Austria – sequence: 6 givenname: Harikrishnan surname: Tulsidas fullname: Tulsidas, Harikrishnan organization: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland – sequence: 7 givenname: Lee surname: Barker fullname: Barker, Lee organization: Sparton Resources Inc., Toronto, Canada – sequence: 8 givenname: Adil surname: El-Yahyaoui fullname: El-Yahyaoui, Adil organization: Centre National de L’Énergie, des Sciences et des Technique Nucléaires, B.P. 1382, Route Principale Rabat, Morocco – sequence: 9 givenname: Ahmed surname: Hussein fullname: Hussein, Ahmed organization: Nuclear Materials Authority, El-Maadi-Kattamiya Road, P.O. Box 530, Cairo, Egypt – sequence: 10 givenname: Mohamed surname: Taha fullname: Taha, Mohamed organization: Nuclear Materials Authority, El-Maadi-Kattamiya Road, P.O. Box 530, Cairo, Egypt – sequence: 11 givenname: Yanhua surname: Zheng fullname: Zheng, Yanhua organization: Tsinghua University, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, 100084, Beijing, China – sequence: 12 givenname: Menglai surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Menglai organization: National Engineering Research Center of Phosphate Resources Development and Utilization, Jinning, Yunnan, China – sequence: 13 givenname: Yuan surname: Yao fullname: Yao, Yuan organization: National Engineering Research Center of Phosphate Resources Development and Utilization, Jinning, Yunnan, China – sequence: 14 givenname: Xiaodong surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Xiaodong organization: East China University of Technology, No. 418 Guanglan Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China – sequence: 15 givenname: Huidong surname: Deng fullname: Deng, Huidong organization: Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, 145 Jiukeshu,Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China – sequence: 16 givenname: Jun surname: Zhong fullname: Zhong, Jun organization: Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, 10 Xiaoguan Dongli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China – sequence: 17 givenname: Ziying surname: Li fullname: Li, Ziying organization: Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, 10 Xiaoguan Dongli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China – sequence: 18 givenname: Gerald orcidid: 0000-0003-3340-3941 surname: Steiner fullname: Steiner, Gerald organization: Danube University Krems, Td Lab Sustainable Mineral Resources, 3500, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, Austria – sequence: 19 givenname: Martin orcidid: 0000-0003-1236-1164 surname: Bertau fullname: Bertau, Martin organization: Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Leipziger Straße 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany – sequence: 20 givenname: Nils orcidid: 0000-0002-0673-0376 surname: Haneklaus fullname: Haneklaus, Nils email: nils.haneklaus@donau-uni.ac.at organization: Danube University Krems, Td Lab Sustainable Mineral Resources, 3500, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, Austria |
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