APA (7th ed.) Citation

Deng, L., & Liu, S. (2024). Deficiencies of the whale optimization algorithm and its validation method. Expert systems with applications, 237, 121544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121544

Chicago Style (17th ed.) Citation

Deng, Lingyun, and Sanyang Liu. "Deficiencies of the Whale Optimization Algorithm and Its Validation Method." Expert Systems with Applications 237 (2024): 121544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121544.

MLA (9th ed.) Citation

Deng, Lingyun, and Sanyang Liu. "Deficiencies of the Whale Optimization Algorithm and Its Validation Method." Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 237, 2024, p. 121544, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121544.