Condition-based maintenance for redundant systems considering spare inventory with stochastic lead time

•Stochastic maintenance time and spare ordering lead time are considered.•An improved Q-learning algorithm is proposed with convergence proved.•The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is shown by numerical examples.•Simulated environment based on discrete event simulation method is established....

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Published in:Reliability engineering & system safety Vol. 257; p. 110837
Main Authors: Wang, Jun, Fu, Yuqiang, Zhou, Jian, Yang, Lechang, Yang, Yating
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2025
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ISSN:0951-8320
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Abstract •Stochastic maintenance time and spare ordering lead time are considered.•An improved Q-learning algorithm is proposed with convergence proved.•The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is shown by numerical examples.•Simulated environment based on discrete event simulation method is established. Condition-based maintenance (CBM) and spare provisioning are both important to guarantee the operation of redundant systems composed of degrading components. However, most existing studies on joint optimization of CBM and spare inventory assume maintenance actions are instantaneous and the lead time for spares are fixed, which are not consistent with the reality. Therefore, this paper focus on the joint optimization problems to minimize the total cost rate considering stochastic maintenance time for components and stochastic lead time for spares. The problem is modeled as a Markov decision process model and solved by an improved reinforcement learning algorithm, i.e., the improved Q-learning algorithm, which converges more quickly and reaches a smaller value of the total cost rate than the traditional Q-learning algorithm. Moreover, the simulated environment based on discrete event simulation method is introduced in detail and the convergence of the algorithm is proved theoretically. Based on the numerical study, we further demonstrate the convergence and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and perform sensitivity analysis on several model parameters to provide management insights for decision makers.
AbstractList •Stochastic maintenance time and spare ordering lead time are considered.•An improved Q-learning algorithm is proposed with convergence proved.•The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is shown by numerical examples.•Simulated environment based on discrete event simulation method is established. Condition-based maintenance (CBM) and spare provisioning are both important to guarantee the operation of redundant systems composed of degrading components. However, most existing studies on joint optimization of CBM and spare inventory assume maintenance actions are instantaneous and the lead time for spares are fixed, which are not consistent with the reality. Therefore, this paper focus on the joint optimization problems to minimize the total cost rate considering stochastic maintenance time for components and stochastic lead time for spares. The problem is modeled as a Markov decision process model and solved by an improved reinforcement learning algorithm, i.e., the improved Q-learning algorithm, which converges more quickly and reaches a smaller value of the total cost rate than the traditional Q-learning algorithm. Moreover, the simulated environment based on discrete event simulation method is introduced in detail and the convergence of the algorithm is proved theoretically. Based on the numerical study, we further demonstrate the convergence and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and perform sensitivity analysis on several model parameters to provide management insights for decision makers.
ArticleNumber 110837
Author Zhou, Jian
Yang, Yating
Yang, Lechang
Wang, Jun
Fu, Yuqiang
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  organization: International Business School, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
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Keywords Improved reinforcement learning
Stochastic lead time
Condition-based maintenance
Spare inventory
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Snippet •Stochastic maintenance time and spare ordering lead time are considered.•An improved Q-learning algorithm is proposed with convergence proved.•The...
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SubjectTerms Condition-based maintenance
Improved reinforcement learning
Spare inventory
Stochastic lead time
Title Condition-based maintenance for redundant systems considering spare inventory with stochastic lead time
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2025.110837
Volume 257
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