Multi-directional block based PVD and modulus function image steganography to avoid FOBP and IEP

Since the inception of pixel value differencing (PVD) image steganography, it has drawn considerable interest among the researchers of this field. However, most of the PVD based techniques suffer from either falling-off boundary problem (FOBP) or incorrect extraction problem (IEP). Therefore, to add...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of information security and applications Jg. 58; S. 102808
Hauptverfasser: Sahu, Aditya Kumar, Swain, Gandharba, Sahu, Monalisa, Hemalatha, J.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2021
Schlagworte:
Image steganography
Modulus function (MF)
Pixel value differencing (PVD)
Steganalysis
Image steganography
Steganalysis
Pixel value differencing (PVD)
Modulus function (MF)
ISSN:2214-2126
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Zusammenfassung:Since the inception of pixel value differencing (PVD) image steganography, it has drawn considerable interest among the researchers of this field. However, most of the PVD based techniques suffer from either falling-off boundary problem (FOBP) or incorrect extraction problem (IEP). Therefore, to address these two issues, this paper proposes a multi-directional pixel value differencing and modulus function (MDPVDMF) based technique. During the embedding process, the original image (OI) is partitioned into 2 × 2 size pixel blocks. Then, data embedding is performed by exploiting the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions for each block. For a 2 × 2 pixel block, two difference values can be obtained in any of the three directions. Next, using the difference values and the remainders of the pixel pairs, the secret bits are embedded. The experiment has been conducted to compute the performance of the proposed technique with regards to the image quality metrics like peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), embedding capacity (EC), and FOBP. Results show that PSNR is optimal for vertical pairs with 39.17 dB whereas the EC is optimal for the diagonal pairs with 3.10 bits per pixel (BPP). Further, the proposed technique has shown exceptional attack resistance ability to regular & singular (RS) attack, salt & pepper (S&P) noise, pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis, and subtractive pixel adjacency matrix (SPAM) steganalysis.
ISSN:2214-2126
DOI:10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102808