Strategic investment in electricity markets: Robust optimization versus stochastic programming

Decarbonization policies have spurred the adoption of variable renewable energy (VRE) technologies such as wind and solar power. To enable flexible resources and accommodate VRE’s intermittency, electricity markets are shifting toward renewable-aware dispatch based on stochastic optimization. Howeve...

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Published in:European journal of operational research
Main Authors: García-Cerezo, Álvaro, Siddiqui, Afzal S., Boomsma, Trine K., García-Bertrand, Raquel, Baringo, Luis
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier B.V 2025
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ISSN:0377-2217, 1872-6860
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Abstract Decarbonization policies have spurred the adoption of variable renewable energy (VRE) technologies such as wind and solar power. To enable flexible resources and accommodate VRE’s intermittency, electricity markets are shifting toward renewable-aware dispatch based on stochastic optimization. However, strategic firms may exploit such market structures to manipulate prices to their advantage. To complement the extant literature, we compare investment decisions as well as worst-case profits and losses in the context of generation expansion by a strategic firm that uses either risk-averse stochastic programming or robust optimization. The former is a bi-level optimization problem, whereas the latter is a tri-level problem. Our contributions are threefold in addressing policy and methodological challenges. First, we demonstrate that using robust optimization instead of stochastic programming generally leads to investment plans with a higher share of VRE because it serves as a hedge during undesirable realizations with low consumer willingness to pay and high marginal costs for conventional generation. Second, a regret analysis shows that the worst-case profit is significantly reduced if an investor uses expansion decisions from stochastic programming, highlighting the importance of selecting a methodology aligned with the main objective of the investor. The effect is especially pronounced if decisions stem from a social planner, thereby indicating how a conventional, centralized perspective may fail to reflect private incentives for generation expansion in evolving electricity markets. Third, the analysis of strategic behavior necessitates state-of-the-art decomposition techniques such as the constraint generation-based algorithm and the column-and-constraint generation algorithm for the bi- and tri-level problems, respectively. •Strategic two-stage generation-expansion planning under uncertainty is addressed.•Novel strategic robust optimization with recourse formulation is presented.•Robust optimization and risk-averse stochastic programming frameworks are compared.•Exact solution procedures are applied.•Unsuitable modeling tools lead to significant reductions in the profit.
AbstractList Decarbonization policies have spurred the adoption of variable renewable energy (VRE) technologies such as wind and solar power. To enable flexible resources and accommodate VRE’s intermittency, electricity markets are shifting toward renewable-aware dispatch based on stochastic optimization. However, strategic firms may exploit such market structures to manipulate prices to their advantage. To complement the extant literature, we compare investment decisions as well as worst-case profits and losses in the context of generation expansion by a strategic firm that uses either risk-averse stochastic programming or robust optimization. The former is a bi-level optimization problem, whereas the latter is a tri-level problem. Our contributions are threefold in addressing policy and methodological challenges. First, we demonstrate that using robust optimization instead of stochastic programming generally leads to investment plans with a higher share of VRE because it serves as a hedge during undesirable realizations with low consumer willingness to pay and high marginal costs for conventional generation. Second, a regret analysis shows that the worst-case profit is significantly reduced if an investor uses expansion decisions from stochastic programming, highlighting the importance of selecting a methodology aligned with the main objective of the investor. The effect is especially pronounced if decisions stem from a social planner, thereby indicating how a conventional, centralized perspective may fail to reflect private incentives for generation expansion in evolving electricity markets. Third, the analysis of strategic behavior necessitates state-of-the-art decomposition techniques such as the constraint generation-based algorithm and the column-and-constraint generation algorithm for the bi- and tri-level problems, respectively.
Decarbonization policies have spurred the adoption of variable renewable energy (VRE) technologies such as wind and solar power. To enable flexible resources and accommodate VRE’s intermittency, electricity markets are shifting toward renewable-aware dispatch based on stochastic optimization. However, strategic firms may exploit such market structures to manipulate prices to their advantage. To complement the extant literature, we compare investment decisions as well as worst-case profits and losses in the context of generation expansion by a strategic firm that uses either risk-averse stochastic programming or robust optimization. The former is a bi-level optimization problem, whereas the latter is a tri-level problem. Our contributions are threefold in addressing policy and methodological challenges. First, we demonstrate that using robust optimization instead of stochastic programming generally leads to investment plans with a higher share of VRE because it serves as a hedge during undesirable realizations with low consumer willingness to pay and high marginal costs for conventional generation. Second, a regret analysis shows that the worst-case profit is significantly reduced if an investor uses expansion decisions from stochastic programming, highlighting the importance of selecting a methodology aligned with the main objective of the investor. The effect is especially pronounced if decisions stem from a social planner, thereby indicating how a conventional, centralized perspective may fail to reflect private incentives for generation expansion in evolving electricity markets. Third, the analysis of strategic behavior necessitates state-of-the-art decomposition techniques such as the constraint generation-based algorithm and the column-and-constraint generation algorithm for the bi- and tri-level problems, respectively. •Strategic two-stage generation-expansion planning under uncertainty is addressed.•Novel strategic robust optimization with recourse formulation is presented.•Robust optimization and risk-averse stochastic programming frameworks are compared.•Exact solution procedures are applied.•Unsuitable modeling tools lead to significant reductions in the profit.
Author Siddiqui, Afzal S.
Baringo, Luis
Boomsma, Trine K.
García-Cerezo, Álvaro
García-Bertrand, Raquel
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  organization: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Power and Energy Analysis and Research Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
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Keywords Generation-expansion planning
Robust optimization
Strategic investor
OR in energy
Stochastic programming
Language English
License This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
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Snippet Decarbonization policies have spurred the adoption of variable renewable energy (VRE) technologies such as wind and solar power. To enable flexible resources...
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SubjectTerms Generation-expansion planning
OR in energy
Robust optimization
Stochastic programming
Strategic investor
Title Strategic investment in electricity markets: Robust optimization versus stochastic programming
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2025.08.009
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