One-Bit Sigma-Delta MIMO Precoding
Coarsely quantized MIMO signalling methods have gained popularity in the recent developments of massive MIMO as they open up opportunities for massive MIMO implementation using cheap and power-efficient radio-frequency front-ends. This paper presents a new one-bit MIMO precoding approach using spati...
Saved in:
| Published in: | IEEE journal of selected topics in signal processing Vol. 13; no. 5; pp. 1046 - 1061 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
IEEE
01.09.2019
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 1932-4553, 1941-0484 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | Coarsely quantized MIMO signalling methods have gained popularity in the recent developments of massive MIMO as they open up opportunities for massive MIMO implementation using cheap and power-efficient radio-frequency front-ends. This paper presents a new one-bit MIMO precoding approach using spatial Sigma-Delta (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula>) modulation. In previous one-bit MIMO precoding research, one mainly focuses on using optimization to tackle the difficult binary signal optimization problem that arises from the precoding design. Our approach attempts a different route. Assuming angular MIMO channels, we apply <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> modulation-a classical concept in analog-to-digital conversion of temporal signals-in space. The resulting <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> precoding approach has two main advantages: First, we no longer need to deal with binary optimization in <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> precoding design. Particularly, the binary signal restriction is replaced by peak signal amplitude constraints. Second, the impact of the quantization error can be well controlled via modulator design and under appropriate operating conditions. Through symbol error probability analysis, we reveal that the very large number of antennas in massive MIMO provides favorable operating conditions for <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> precoding. In addition, we develop a new <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> modulation architecture that is capable of adapting the channel to achieve nearly zero quantization error for a targeted user. Furthermore, we consider multi-user <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> precoding using the zero-forcing and symbol-level precoding schemes. These two <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> precoding schemes perform considerably better than their direct one-bit quantized counterparts, as simulation results show. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Coarsely quantized MIMO signalling methods have gained popularity in the recent developments of massive MIMO as they open up opportunities for massive MIMO implementation using cheap and power-efficient radio-frequency front-ends. This paper presents a new one-bit MIMO precoding approach using spatial Sigma-Delta ([Formula Omitted]) modulation. In previous one-bit MIMO precoding research, one mainly focuses on using optimization to tackle the difficult binary signal optimization problem that arises from the precoding design. Our approach attempts a different route. Assuming angular MIMO channels, we apply [Formula Omitted] modulation—a classical concept in analog-to-digital conversion of temporal signals—in space. The resulting [Formula Omitted] precoding approach has two main advantages: First, we no longer need to deal with binary optimization in [Formula Omitted] precoding design. Particularly, the binary signal restriction is replaced by peak signal amplitude constraints. Second, the impact of the quantization error can be well controlled via modulator design and under appropriate operating conditions. Through symbol error probability analysis, we reveal that the very large number of antennas in massive MIMO provides favorable operating conditions for [Formula Omitted] precoding. In addition, we develop a new [Formula Omitted] modulation architecture that is capable of adapting the channel to achieve nearly zero quantization error for a targeted user. Furthermore, we consider multi-user [Formula Omitted] precoding using the zero-forcing and symbol-level precoding schemes. These two [Formula Omitted] precoding schemes perform considerably better than their direct one-bit quantized counterparts, as simulation results show. Coarsely quantized MIMO signalling methods have gained popularity in the recent developments of massive MIMO as they open up opportunities for massive MIMO implementation using cheap and power-efficient radio-frequency front-ends. This paper presents a new one-bit MIMO precoding approach using spatial Sigma-Delta (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula>) modulation. In previous one-bit MIMO precoding research, one mainly focuses on using optimization to tackle the difficult binary signal optimization problem that arises from the precoding design. Our approach attempts a different route. Assuming angular MIMO channels, we apply <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> modulation-a classical concept in analog-to-digital conversion of temporal signals-in space. The resulting <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> precoding approach has two main advantages: First, we no longer need to deal with binary optimization in <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> precoding design. Particularly, the binary signal restriction is replaced by peak signal amplitude constraints. Second, the impact of the quantization error can be well controlled via modulator design and under appropriate operating conditions. Through symbol error probability analysis, we reveal that the very large number of antennas in massive MIMO provides favorable operating conditions for <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> precoding. In addition, we develop a new <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> modulation architecture that is capable of adapting the channel to achieve nearly zero quantization error for a targeted user. Furthermore, we consider multi-user <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> precoding using the zero-forcing and symbol-level precoding schemes. These two <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Sigma \Delta</tex-math></inline-formula> precoding schemes perform considerably better than their direct one-bit quantized counterparts, as simulation results show. |
| Author | Ma, Wing-Kin Li, Qiang Shao, Mingjie Swindlehurst, A. Lee |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Mingjie surname: Shao fullname: Shao, Mingjie email: mjshao@ee.cuhk.edu.hk organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong – sequence: 2 givenname: Wing-Kin orcidid: 0000-0001-7314-3537 surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Wing-Kin email: wkma@ee.cuhk.edu.hk organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong – sequence: 3 givenname: Qiang orcidid: 0000-0001-5609-3320 surname: Li fullname: Li, Qiang email: lq@uestc.edu.cn organization: School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China – sequence: 4 givenname: A. Lee orcidid: 0000-0002-0521-3107 surname: Swindlehurst fullname: Swindlehurst, A. Lee email: swindle@uci.edu organization: Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA |
| BookMark | eNp9kEtPAjEUhRuDiYD-Ad0QXRf7nnap-MJAIAHXTVvukBKYwc6w8N87I8SFC1f3Ls53TvL1UKcoC0DompIhpcTcvy-Wi_mQEWqGzHCtdHaGutQIionQotP-nGEhJb9AvaraECIzRUUX3c4KwI-xHizieufwE2xrN5iOp7PBPEEoV7FYX6Lz3G0ruDrdPvp4eV6O3vBk9joePUxwYEbWGLRSPhMalNY8KCEynfEVB-Y8U3JlAHKiZJDGuyAV8Vp4xXKV86B9yL3nfXR37N2n8vMAVW035SEVzaRlzYKShjHdpPQxFVJZVQlyG2Lt6lgWdXJxaymxrRH7Y8S2RuzJSIOyP-g-xZ1LX_9DN0coAsAvoDWj3FD-DZV1bGc |
| CODEN | IJSTGY |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2022_3208064 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2025_3580994 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSTSP_2025_3541386 crossref_primary_10_1109_OJSP_2025_3589747 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3101159 crossref_primary_10_1109_LCOMM_2022_3209999 crossref_primary_10_1109_TWC_2022_3152491 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dsp_2022_103575 crossref_primary_10_1109_MCOM_001_2000601 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSP_2022_3233246 crossref_primary_10_1109_LWC_2020_2995484 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSP_2022_3206588 crossref_primary_10_1109_LWC_2020_2997653 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSAC_2020_3000887 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSP_2024_3359083 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSP_2022_3150402 crossref_primary_10_1109_LWC_2020_3022592 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1109/SPAWC.2017.8227757 10.1007/s10107-015-0946-6 10.1109/ICASSP.2018.8461642 10.1109/JETCAS.2017.2772191 10.1109/ISCAS.1992.230265 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316400 10.1109/18.59924 10.1109/ICASSP.2018.8462190 10.1109/TSP.2011.2109954 10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2723000 10.1109/ICASSP.2017.7953405 10.1109/82.476175 10.1137/080716542 10.1109/TWC.2018.2868369 10.1109/TSP.2017.2706179 10.1109/TSP.2017.2715006 10.1109/TSP.2019.2937280 10.1109/LCOMM.2015.2494600 10.1109/TWC.2018.2873386 10.1109/79.482138 10.1109/GlobalSIP.2018.8646546 10.1109/LWC.2017.2787159 10.1109/TWC.2016.2585640 10.1109/TCOMM.2016.2545666 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2823267 10.1109/TAP.2013.2241719 10.1109/TSP.2008.924638 10.1109/NDS.2017.8070633 10.1109/LWC.2017.2740386 10.1109/ACSSC.2016.7869149 10.1109/TWC.2018.2827028 10.1137/1.9781611974997 10.1109/TWC.2017.2691318 10.1109/ICECS.2009.5410815 10.2140/pjm.1958.8.171 10.1109/LCOMM.2017.2687871 10.1109/TWC.2016.2619343 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2019 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2019 |
| DBID | 97E RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD H8D L7M |
| DOI | 10.1109/JSTSP.2019.2938687 |
| DatabaseName | IEEE Xplore (IEEE) IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) CrossRef Electronics & Communications Abstracts Technology Research Database Aerospace Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Aerospace Database Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Electronics & Communications Abstracts |
| DatabaseTitleList | Aerospace Database |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: RIE name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1941-0484 |
| EndPage | 1061 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1109_JSTSP_2019_2938687 8821391 |
| Genre | orig-research |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: National Science Foundation grantid: CCF-1703635; ECCS-1824565 funderid: 10.13039/501100008982 – fundername: Hong Kong Ph.D. Fellowship Scheme – fundername: Peng Cheng Laboratory |
| GroupedDBID | -~X 0R~ 29I 4.4 5GY 5VS 6IK 97E AAJGR AARMG AASAJ AAWTH ABAZT ABQJQ ABVLG ACIWK AENEX AETIX AGQYO AGSQL AHBIQ AKJIK AKQYR ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ CS3 DU5 EBS EJD F5P HZ~ IFIPE IPLJI JAVBF LAI M43 O9- OCL RIA RIE RNS AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD H8D L7M |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-e866b748e6883c6447873d3e2ab265d9eef065c59bac560b84b62f6f3c8bcfbb3 |
| IEDL.DBID | RIE |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 35 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000487485900013&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1932-4553 |
| IngestDate | Mon Jun 30 10:30:52 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 04:10:32 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 21:02:36 EST 2025 Wed Aug 27 02:41:43 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 5 |
| Language | English |
| License | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c295t-e866b748e6883c6447873d3e2ab265d9eef065c59bac560b84b62f6f3c8bcfbb3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7314-3537 0000-0001-5609-3320 0000-0002-0521-3107 |
| PQID | 2295659228 |
| PQPubID | 75721 |
| PageCount | 16 |
| ParticipantIDs | ieee_primary_8821391 proquest_journals_2295659228 crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_JSTSP_2019_2938687 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSTSP_2019_2938687 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2019-09-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2019-09-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 09 year: 2019 text: 2019-09-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | New York |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: New York |
| PublicationTitle | IEEE journal of selected topics in signal processing |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | JSTSP |
| PublicationYear | 2019 |
| Publisher | IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Publisher_xml | – name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| References | ref35 ref13 ref12 bertsekas (ref43) 2003 ref37 ref15 ref36 ref14 ref31 ref30 ref33 ref11 nesterov (ref38) 0; 269 ref32 ref10 barac (ref21) 2016 ref2 ref1 ref39 ref17 ref16 ref19 ref18 beck (ref40) 2017; 25 ref24 ref23 ref26 ref25 ref42 ref41 corey (ref20) 0 ref28 proakis (ref34) 2001 ref27 ref29 nikoofard (ref22) 0 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 |
| References_xml | – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1109/SPAWC.2017.8227757 – start-page: 301 year: 0 ident: ref22 article-title: Low-complexity N-port ADCs using 2-D sigma-delta noise-shaping for N-element array receivers publication-title: Proc Int Midwest Symp Circuits Syst – ident: ref42 doi: 10.1007/s10107-015-0946-6 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1109/ICASSP.2018.8461642 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1109/JETCAS.2017.2772191 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.1992.230265 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316400 – year: 2016 ident: ref21 article-title: Spatial sigma-delta modulation in a massive MIMO cellular system – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1109/18.59924 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1109/ICASSP.2018.8462190 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2011.2109954 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2723000 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/ICASSP.2017.7953405 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1109/82.476175 – ident: ref39 doi: 10.1137/080716542 – ident: ref16 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2018.2868369 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2017.2706179 – year: 2003 ident: ref43 publication-title: Convex Analysis and Optimization – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2017.2715006 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2019.2937280 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2015.2494600 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2018.2873386 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1109/79.482138 – ident: ref37 doi: 10.1109/GlobalSIP.2018.8646546 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/LWC.2017.2787159 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2016.2585640 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2016.2545666 – year: 2001 ident: ref34 publication-title: Digital Communications – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2823267 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1109/TAP.2013.2241719 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2008.924638 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1109/NDS.2017.8070633 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/LWC.2017.2740386 – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1109/ACSSC.2016.7869149 – year: 0 ident: ref20 article-title: Spatial sigma-delta signal acquisition for wideband beamforming arrays publication-title: Proc Int ITG Workshop Smart Antennas – volume: 269 start-page: 543 year: 0 ident: ref38 article-title: A method for unconstrained convex minimization problem with the rate of convergence $\mathcal {O}(1/k^2)$ publication-title: Doklady an USSR – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2018.2827028 – volume: 25 year: 2017 ident: ref40 publication-title: First Order Optimization Method doi: 10.1137/1.9781611974997 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2017.2691318 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1109/ICECS.2009.5410815 – ident: ref41 doi: 10.2140/pjm.1958.8.171 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2017.2687871 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2016.2619343 |
| SSID | ssj0057614 |
| Score | 2.461339 |
| Snippet | Coarsely quantized MIMO signalling methods have gained popularity in the recent developments of massive MIMO as they open up opportunities for massive MIMO... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref ieee |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 1046 |
| SubjectTerms | Analog to digital conversion Antenna arrays Design optimization Error analysis Massive MIMO Measurement MIMO communication MIMO precoder design Modulation one-bit MIMO Optimization Precoding Quantization (signal) Sigma-Delta modulation |
| Title | One-Bit Sigma-Delta MIMO Precoding |
| URI | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8821391 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2295659228 |
| Volume | 13 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000487485900013&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVIEE databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) customDbUrl: eissn: 1941-0484 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0057614 issn: 1932-4553 databaseCode: RIE dateStart: 20070101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ providerName: IEEE |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LS8NAEF5q8aAHX1WsVgniTbdtNsk-jr6KHvqAKvQWdjcTKdRU2tTf7-4mKQVF8JbDTgjfzu58k3khdB2kRmmUBGy4d2gcFJlgGVGBIylCxrWxoUy7YRNsMOCTiRjV0O26FgYAXPIZtO2ji-Unc72yv8o6hg0awmJ8nS3GWFGrVd26hjb7ZQSZ4DCKgqpApis6RsXHI5vFJdrGuHFq0-c2jJCbqvLjKnb2pbf_vy87QHslj_Tuio0_RDXIjtDuRnfBBroaZoDvp7k3nr5_SPwIs1x6_Zf-0BtZN9garWP01nt6fXjG5UgErImIcgycUsVCDpTzQBsuY85bkARApCI0SgRAajiFjoSS2nAZxUNFSUrTQHOlU6WCE1TP5hmcIk8wYpAAI0pFmCQJl76NwRACoVbd1G8iv8Io1mW_cDu2YhY7v6ErYodrbHGNS1yb6GYt81l0y_hzdcMiuV5ZgthErWor4vJALWM7ddxGgAk_-13qHO3YdxfpXy1UzxcruEDb-iufLheXTle-AYksuL0 |
| linkProvider | IEEE |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1bS8MwFD6ICuqDtynOaxHfNLqmaZo8ehsb7gabsLeSpKcy0Cmu8_ebtN0YKIJvfcih5ctJznd6bgAXQWqVRisklnsz66CohKiQSxIqySJhrA2NTD5sIup0xHAoe0twNa-FQcQ8-Qyv3WMey0_ezdT9KruxbNASFuvrrISMUb-o1prdu5Y4-2UMmRIWhsGsRKYmb6yS93suj0teW_MmuEugWzBD-VyVH5dxbmHqW__7tm3YLJmkd1ts_Q4s4XgXNhb6C1bgvDtGcjfKvP7o5U2RB3zNlNdutrtezznCzmztwXP9cXDfIOVQBGKoDDOCgnMdMYFciMBYNmNPXJAESJWmPEwkYmpZhQmlVsayGS2Y5jTlaWCENqnWwT4sj9_HeACejKhFAq0olyxJEqF8F4WhFJnRtdSvgj_DKDZlx3A3uOI1zj2HmoxzXGOHa1ziWoXLucxH0S_jz9UVh-R8ZQliFY5nWxGXR2oSu7njLgZMxeHvUmew1hi0W3Gr2Xk6gnX3niIZ7BiWs88pnsCq-cpGk8_TXG--AVW0vAQ |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=One-Bit+Sigma-Delta+MIMO+Precoding&rft.jtitle=IEEE+journal+of+selected+topics+in+signal+processing&rft.au=Shao%2C+Mingjie&rft.au=Wing-Kin%2C+Ma&rft.au=Li%2C+Qiang&rft.au=A+Lee+Swindlehurst&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc.+%28IEEE%29&rft.issn=1932-4553&rft.eissn=1941-0484&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=1046&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FJSTSP.2019.2938687&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1932-4553&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1932-4553&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1932-4553&client=summon |