Optimization-Driven Evaluation of Multilayer Graphene Concrete: Strength Enhancement and Carbon Reduction Through Experimental and Mathematical Integration

The integration of nanoengineered materials into concrete systems has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing structural performance and sustainability. This study presents a hybrid experimental-analytical investigation into the use of multilayer graphene as a smart admixture in high-performan...

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Published in:Journal of composites science Vol. 9; no. 10; p. 521
Main Authors: Shabbir, Kamran, Idrees, Maria, Masood, Rehan, Sammad, Muhammad Hassan
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.10.2025
Subjects:
Admixtures
Carbon
Cement
Composition
Compressive strength
Concrete
Decision making
Densification
Dosage
Dynamic testing
Emissions
Flexural strength
Formulations
Graphene
Materials
Mathematical optimization
Mechanical properties
Mechanical tests
Multilayers
Multiple objective analysis
Nanomaterials
Optimization models
Sustainability
Pakistan
ISSN:2504-477X, 2504-477X
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Abstract The integration of nanoengineered materials into concrete systems has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing structural performance and sustainability. This study presents a hybrid experimental-analytical investigation into the use of multilayer graphene as a smart admixture in high-performance concrete. The research combines mechanical testing, microstructural characterization, and a multi-objective optimization model to determine the optimal graphene dosage that maximizes strength gains while minimizing carbon emissions. Concrete specimens incorporating multilayer graphene (ranging from 0.01% to 0.10% by weight of cement) were tested over 7 to 90 days for compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths. Simultaneously, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses revealed crystallinity enhancement, pore densification, and favorable elemental redistribution due to graphene inclusion. A normalized composite objective function was formulated to balance three maximization targets—compressive, tensile, and flexural strength—and one minimization goal—carbon emission. The highest objective score (Z = 1.047) was achieved at 0.10% graphene dosage, indicating the optimal balance of strength performance and environmental efficiency. This dual-framework study not only confirms graphene’s reinforcing effects experimentally but also validates the 0.10% dosage through mathematical scoring. The outcomes position of multilayer graphene as a powerful additive for high-strength, low-carbon concrete, especially suited for infrastructure in hot and arid environments. The proposed optimization approach provides a scalable pathway for performance-based graphene dosing in future innovative concrete formulations.
AbstractList The integration of nanoengineered materials into concrete systems has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing structural performance and sustainability. This study presents a hybrid experimental-analytical investigation into the use of multilayer graphene as a smart admixture in high-performance concrete. The research combines mechanical testing, microstructural characterization, and a multi-objective optimization model to determine the optimal graphene dosage that maximizes strength gains while minimizing carbon emissions. Concrete specimens incorporating multilayer graphene (ranging from 0.01% to 0.10% by weight of cement) were tested over 7 to 90 days for compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths. Simultaneously, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses revealed crystallinity enhancement, pore densification, and favorable elemental redistribution due to graphene inclusion. A normalized composite objective function was formulated to balance three maximization targets—compressive, tensile, and flexural strength—and one minimization goal—carbon emission. The highest objective score (Z = 1.047) was achieved at 0.10% graphene dosage, indicating the optimal balance of strength performance and environmental efficiency. This dual-framework study not only confirms graphene’s reinforcing effects experimentally but also validates the 0.10% dosage through mathematical scoring. The outcomes position of multilayer graphene as a powerful additive for high-strength, low-carbon concrete, especially suited for infrastructure in hot and arid environments. The proposed optimization approach provides a scalable pathway for performance-based graphene dosing in future innovative concrete formulations.
Audience Academic
Author Shabbir, Kamran
Idrees, Maria
Masood, Rehan
Sammad, Muhammad Hassan
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  fullname: Sammad, Muhammad Hassan
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SubjectTerms Admixtures
Carbon
Cement
Composition
Compressive strength
Concrete
Decision making
Densification
Dosage
Dynamic testing
Emissions
Flexural strength
Formulations
Graphene
Materials
Mathematical optimization
Mechanical properties
Mechanical tests
Multilayers
Multiple objective analysis
Nanomaterials
Optimization models
Sustainability
Title Optimization-Driven Evaluation of Multilayer Graphene Concrete: Strength Enhancement and Carbon Reduction Through Experimental and Mathematical Integration
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