Complexity Analysis of the SAT Attack on Logic Locking
Due to the adoption of horizontal business models following the globalization of semiconductor manufacturing, the overproduction of integrated circuits (ICs) and the piracy of intellectual properties (IPs) can lead to significant damage to the integrity of the semiconductor supply chain. Logic locki...
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| Published in: | IEEE transactions on computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems Vol. 42; no. 10; p. 1 |
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| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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New York
IEEE
01.10.2023
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
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| ISSN: | 0278-0070, 1937-4151 |
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| Abstract | Due to the adoption of horizontal business models following the globalization of semiconductor manufacturing, the overproduction of integrated circuits (ICs) and the piracy of intellectual properties (IPs) can lead to significant damage to the integrity of the semiconductor supply chain. Logic locking emerges as a primary design-for-security measure to counter these threats, where ICs become fully functional only when unlocked with a secret key. However, Boolean satisfiability-based attacks have rendered most locking schemes ineffective. This gives rise to numerous defenses and new locking methods to achieve SAT resiliency. This paper provides a unique perspective on the SAT attack efficiency based on conjunctive normal form (CNF) stored in SAT solver. First, we show how the attack learns new relations between keys in every iteration using distinguishing input patterns and the corresponding oracle responses. The input-output pairs result in new CNF clauses of unknown keys to be appended to the SAT solver, which leads to an exponential reduction in incorrect key values. Second, we demonstrate that the SAT attack can break any locking scheme within linear iteration complexity of key size. Moreover, we show how key constraints on point functions affect the SAT attack complexity. We explain why proper key constraint on AntiSAT reduces the complexity effectively to constant 1. The same constraint helps the breaking of CAS-Lock down to linear iteration complexity. Our analysis provides a new perspective on the capabilities of SAT attack against multiplier benchmark c6288, and we provide new directions to achieve SAT resiliency. |
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| AbstractList | Due to the adoption of horizontal business models following the globalization of semiconductor manufacturing, the overproduction of integrated circuits (ICs) and the piracy of intellectual properties (IPs) can lead to significant damage to the integrity of the semiconductor supply chain. Logic locking emerges as a primary design-for-security measure to counter these threats, where ICs become fully functional only when unlocked with a secret key. However, Boolean satisfiability-based attacks have rendered most locking schemes ineffective. This gives rise to numerous defenses and new locking methods to achieve SAT resiliency. This paper provides a unique perspective on the SAT attack efficiency based on conjunctive normal form (CNF) stored in SAT solver. First, we show how the attack learns new relations between keys in every iteration using distinguishing input patterns and the corresponding oracle responses. The input-output pairs result in new CNF clauses of unknown keys to be appended to the SAT solver, which leads to an exponential reduction in incorrect key values. Second, we demonstrate that the SAT attack can break any locking scheme within linear iteration complexity of key size. Moreover, we show how key constraints on point functions affect the SAT attack complexity. We explain why proper key constraint on AntiSAT reduces the complexity effectively to constant 1. The same constraint helps the breaking of CAS-Lock down to linear iteration complexity. Our analysis provides a new perspective on the capabilities of SAT attack against multiplier benchmark c6288, and we provide new directions to achieve SAT resiliency. Due to the adoption of horizontal business models following the globalization of semiconductor manufacturing, the overproduction of integrated circuits (ICs) and the piracy of intellectual properties (IPs) can lead to significant damage to the integrity of the semiconductor supply chain. Logic locking emerges as a primary design-for-security measure to counter these threats, where ICs become fully functional only when unlocked with a secret key. However, Boolean satisfiability (SAT)-based attacks have rendered most locking schemes ineffective. This gives rise to numerous defenses and new locking methods to achieve SAT resiliency. This article provides a unique perspective on the SAT attack efficiency based on conjunctive normal form (CNF) stored in SAT solver. First, we show how the attack learns new relations between keys in every iteration using distinguishing input patterns and the corresponding oracle responses. The input-output pairs result in new CNF clauses of unknown keys to be appended to the SAT solver, which leads to an exponential reduction in incorrect key values. Second, we demonstrate that the SAT attack can break any locking scheme within linear iteration complexity of key size. Moreover, we show how key constraints on point functions affect the SAT attack complexity. We explain why proper key constraint on AntiSAT reduces the complexity effectively to constant 1. The same constraint helps the breaking of CAS-Lock down to linear iteration complexity. Our analysis provides a new perspective on the capabilities of SAT attack against multiplier benchmark c6288, and we provide new directions to achieve SAT resiliency. |
| Author | Guin, Ujjwal Zhong, Yadi |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yadi orcidid: 0000-0002-6307-8273 surname: Zhong fullname: Zhong, Yadi organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, AL, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Ujjwal orcidid: 0000-0002-4819-8728 surname: Guin fullname: Guin, Ujjwal organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, AL, USA |
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| SubjectTerms | Boolean satisfiability (SAT) Canonical forms Complexity Complexity theory conjunctive normal form (CNF) Electronics packaging Foundries Globalization IC overproduction Industries Integrated circuit modeling Integrated circuits Intellectual property IP piracy Iterative methods Keys Locking Logic gates Logic locking Resilience reverse engineering Solvers Supply chains |
| Title | Complexity Analysis of the SAT Attack on Logic Locking |
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