Low-Complexity Parallel Min-Sum Medium-Density Parity-Check Decoder for McEliece Cryptosystem

The McEliece cryptosystem based on medium-density parity-check (MDPC) codes remains a candidate in the fourth round submission of post-quantum cryptography standard. The low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoders used in digital communications have been extensively studied. However, the MDPC codes for...

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Veröffentlicht in:IEEE transactions on circuits and systems. I, Regular papers Jg. 70; H. 12; S. 5328 - 5338
Hauptverfasser: Cai, Jiaxuan, Zhang, Xinmiao
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: New York IEEE 01.12.2023
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Schlagworte:
Algorithms
Codes
Columnar structure
Complexity theory
Critical path
Cryptography
Decoders
Decoding
Encoding
Error correcting codes
Error correction
Iterative decoding
McEliece cryptosystem
medium-density parity-check codes
min-sum algorithm
parallel decoder
Parity
Performance enhancement
post-quantum cryptography
Quantum cryptography
Sparse matrices
ISSN:1549-8328, 1558-0806
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Abstract The McEliece cryptosystem based on medium-density parity-check (MDPC) codes remains a candidate in the fourth round submission of post-quantum cryptography standard. The low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoders used in digital communications have been extensively studied. However, the MDPC codes for the McEliece cryptosystem have much higher column weight and different structure in their parity-check matrices. As a result, simplification techniques for LDPC decoders are not applicable to MDPC decoders. Besides, existing MDPC decoder designs have been focusing on the simplest bit-flipping algorithm, whose performance is inferior compared to that of the Min-sum algorithm. This paper first optimizes the scaled Min-sum algorithm for codes with high column weight to improve the performance with simple scalar multiplications. The overall decoder architecture is re-designed to take into account the sparsity of the parity-check matrix and nontrivial min-sum check node processing. Besides, a flexible message storage scheme is proposed to reduce the worst-case decoding latency of the randomly constructed codes utilized in the McEliece cryptosystem. Then a 2-stage scaling scheme is developed to reduce the long critical path caused by the high column weight and a group size re-balancing scheme is introduced to mitigate the precision loss caused by the 2-stage scaling in parallel decoders. For an example MDPC decoder, the proposed optimized 2-stage scaled Min-sum algorithm leads to orders of magnitude error-correcting performance improvement and 16% higher clock frequency with negligible silicon area overhead compared to unoptimized Min-sum decoders.
AbstractList The McEliece cryptosystem based on medium-density parity-check (MDPC) codes remains a candidate in the fourth round submission of post-quantum cryptography standard. The low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoders used in digital communications have been extensively studied. However, the MDPC codes for the McEliece cryptosystem have much higher column weight and different structure in their parity-check matrices. As a result, simplification techniques for LDPC decoders are not applicable to MDPC decoders. Besides, existing MDPC decoder designs have been focusing on the simplest bit-flipping algorithm, whose performance is inferior compared to that of the Min-sum algorithm. This paper first optimizes the scaled Min-sum algorithm for codes with high column weight to improve the performance with simple scalar multiplications. The overall decoder architecture is re-designed to take into account the sparsity of the parity-check matrix and nontrivial min-sum check node processing. Besides, a flexible message storage scheme is proposed to reduce the worst-case decoding latency of the randomly constructed codes utilized in the McEliece cryptosystem. Then a 2-stage scaling scheme is developed to reduce the long critical path caused by the high column weight and a group size re-balancing scheme is introduced to mitigate the precision loss caused by the 2-stage scaling in parallel decoders. For an example MDPC decoder, the proposed optimized 2-stage scaled Min-sum algorithm leads to orders of magnitude error-correcting performance improvement and 16% higher clock frequency with negligible silicon area overhead compared to unoptimized Min-sum decoders.
Author Zhang, Xinmiao
Cai, Jiaxuan
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10.1109/TCOMM.2020.2987898
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SubjectTerms Algorithms
Codes
Columnar structure
Complexity theory
Critical path
Cryptography
Decoders
Decoding
Encoding
Error correcting codes
Error correction
Iterative decoding
McEliece cryptosystem
medium-density parity-check codes
min-sum algorithm
parallel decoder
Parity
Performance enhancement
post-quantum cryptography
Quantum cryptography
Sparse matrices
Title Low-Complexity Parallel Min-Sum Medium-Density Parity-Check Decoder for McEliece Cryptosystem
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