Hybrid Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm–Based Energy‐Efficient Stable Cluster Construction Protocol for Data Routing in VANETs
ABSTRACT The sparse distribution as well as high‐speed characteristics of vehicular nodes on roads is determined to impact the dynamism of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). This dynamism of VANETs introduces major challenges during the process of packet routing that introduces network fragmentation...
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| Vydané v: | International journal of communication systems Ročník 38; číslo 13 |
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Chichester
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
10.09.2025
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| ISSN: | 1074-5351, 1099-1131 |
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| Abstract | ABSTRACT
The sparse distribution as well as high‐speed characteristics of vehicular nodes on roads is determined to impact the dynamism of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). This dynamism of VANETs introduces major challenges during the process of packet routing that introduces network fragmentation such that scalable, reliable, and robust communication can be established in an extremely dense network. Clustering of vehicular nodes is considered the potential solution that helps in handling the issues of scalability. However, the existing clustering approaches observed in the literature introduce imbalanced load balancing and maximized number of clusters in a vehicular environment. The employment of nature‐inspired meta‐heuristic algorithms is determined to be ideal for determining optimal clusters in this problem of multi‐objective combinatorial optimization. In this paper, hybrid Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm (HPOA)–based energy‐efficient stable cluster construction protocol (HHPOASCCP) is proposed for constructing an optimized number of vehicular node clusters. The inherent parameters of HPOA helped in maintaining a proper balance between the phases of exploitation and exploration such that a globally optimal solution that represents optimal vehicular clusters is determined without the issue of local optima. This proposed clustering approach determined optimized numbers of clusters and potentially high fitness valued vehicular nodes as cluster heads (CHs) such that energy efficiency is maximized in the network. Simulation results of this propounded HHPOASCCP confirmed selected 24.38% of the nodes as the CHs, minimized number of clusters by 24.58%, maximized load balancing by 23.12%, and reduced energy consumption by 19.84% in contrast to baseline schemes.
Hybrid Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm (HPOA)–based energy‐efficient stable cluster construction protocol (HHPOASCCP) is proposed for constructing an optimized number of vehicular node clusters. Inherent parameters of HPOA helped in maintaining a proper balance between exploitation and exploration, resulting in a globally optimal solution that depicts optimal vehicular clusters without the issue of local optima. Simulation results of this propounded HHPOASCCP confirmed selected 24.38% of the nodes as the CHs, minimized number of clusters by 24.58%, maximized load balancing by 23.12%, and reduced energy consumption by 19.84% in contrast to baseline schemes. |
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| AbstractList | The sparse distribution as well as high‐speed characteristics of vehicular nodes on roads is determined to impact the dynamism of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). This dynamism of VANETs introduces major challenges during the process of packet routing that introduces network fragmentation such that scalable, reliable, and robust communication can be established in an extremely dense network. Clustering of vehicular nodes is considered the potential solution that helps in handling the issues of scalability. However, the existing clustering approaches observed in the literature introduce imbalanced load balancing and maximized number of clusters in a vehicular environment. The employment of nature‐inspired meta‐heuristic algorithms is determined to be ideal for determining optimal clusters in this problem of multi‐objective combinatorial optimization. In this paper, hybrid Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm (HPOA)–based energy‐efficient stable cluster construction protocol (HHPOASCCP) is proposed for constructing an optimized number of vehicular node clusters. The inherent parameters of HPOA helped in maintaining a proper balance between the phases of exploitation and exploration such that a globally optimal solution that represents optimal vehicular clusters is determined without the issue of local optima. This proposed clustering approach determined optimized numbers of clusters and potentially high fitness valued vehicular nodes as cluster heads (CHs) such that energy efficiency is maximized in the network. Simulation results of this propounded HHPOASCCP confirmed selected 24.38% of the nodes as the CHs, minimized number of clusters by 24.58%, maximized load balancing by 23.12%, and reduced energy consumption by 19.84% in contrast to baseline schemes. ABSTRACT The sparse distribution as well as high‐speed characteristics of vehicular nodes on roads is determined to impact the dynamism of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). This dynamism of VANETs introduces major challenges during the process of packet routing that introduces network fragmentation such that scalable, reliable, and robust communication can be established in an extremely dense network. Clustering of vehicular nodes is considered the potential solution that helps in handling the issues of scalability. However, the existing clustering approaches observed in the literature introduce imbalanced load balancing and maximized number of clusters in a vehicular environment. The employment of nature‐inspired meta‐heuristic algorithms is determined to be ideal for determining optimal clusters in this problem of multi‐objective combinatorial optimization. In this paper, hybrid Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm (HPOA)–based energy‐efficient stable cluster construction protocol (HHPOASCCP) is proposed for constructing an optimized number of vehicular node clusters. The inherent parameters of HPOA helped in maintaining a proper balance between the phases of exploitation and exploration such that a globally optimal solution that represents optimal vehicular clusters is determined without the issue of local optima. This proposed clustering approach determined optimized numbers of clusters and potentially high fitness valued vehicular nodes as cluster heads (CHs) such that energy efficiency is maximized in the network. Simulation results of this propounded HHPOASCCP confirmed selected 24.38% of the nodes as the CHs, minimized number of clusters by 24.58%, maximized load balancing by 23.12%, and reduced energy consumption by 19.84% in contrast to baseline schemes. Hybrid Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm (HPOA)–based energy‐efficient stable cluster construction protocol (HHPOASCCP) is proposed for constructing an optimized number of vehicular node clusters. Inherent parameters of HPOA helped in maintaining a proper balance between exploitation and exploration, resulting in a globally optimal solution that depicts optimal vehicular clusters without the issue of local optima. Simulation results of this propounded HHPOASCCP confirmed selected 24.38% of the nodes as the CHs, minimized number of clusters by 24.58%, maximized load balancing by 23.12%, and reduced energy consumption by 19.84% in contrast to baseline schemes. |
| Author | Balasubramanian, C. Praveen, R. Krishna Meera, V. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: V. surname: Krishna Meera fullname: Krishna Meera, V. organization: Ramco Institute of Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: C. orcidid: 0000-0001-9066-7287 surname: Balasubramanian fullname: Balasubramanian, C. email: rc.balasubramanian@gmail.com organization: P.S.R. Engineering College – sequence: 3 givenname: R. orcidid: 0000-0001-9048-6224 surname: Praveen fullname: Praveen, R. email: Praveenram2510@gmail.com organization: National Institute of Technology Puducherry |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.vehcom.2024.100745 10.32985/ijeces.12.4.3 10.1016/j.suscom.2024.100983 10.1007/s12083-019-00724-4 10.1016/j.vehcom.2023.100660 10.1504/ijvics.2024.136276 10.1038/s41598-024-54910-3 10.3390/biomimetics10020090 10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113377 10.3390/electronics10080979 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2968948 10.1002/ett.4457 10.1109/tits.2025.3569850 10.1007/s10776-022-00555-w 10.1049/iet-its.2019.0366 10.1016/j.knosys.2024.111773 10.1002/dac.5680 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3020510 10.1109/TITS.2023.3257484 10.3390/electronics9030394 10.1007/s11277-019-06366-2 10.1038/s41598‐024‐82311‐z 10.1007/s41870-022-00938-5 10.1007/s12083-024-01692-0 10.3390/en16031456 10.3390/su152215903 10.23919/JCC.2020.04.013 10.1155/2023/6327247 10.1371/journal.pone.0296331 10.1002/dac.5549 10.1093/jcde/qwae035 10.1111/mice.13508 10.1155/2020/8860646 10.1016/j.asoc.2011.05.036 10.1109/tits.2023.3264507 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3147498 10.1002/cpe.7209 10.1109/tnsm.2024.3416947 10.1109/jiot.2024.3360110 |
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| Snippet | ABSTRACT
The sparse distribution as well as high‐speed characteristics of vehicular nodes on roads is determined to impact the dynamism of vehicular ad hoc... The sparse distribution as well as high‐speed characteristics of vehicular nodes on roads is determined to impact the dynamism of vehicular ad hoc network... |
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| SubjectTerms | Algorithms cluster formation Clustering Combinatorial analysis Energy consumption Heuristic methods Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm (HPOA) Load balancing Mobile ad hoc networks network lifetime Nodes Optimization Optimization algorithms Routing (telecommunications) stable clusters vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) |
| Title | Hybrid Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm–Based Energy‐Efficient Stable Cluster Construction Protocol for Data Routing in VANETs |
| URI | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fdac.70171 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3238554725 |
| Volume | 38 |
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