Performance Analysis of the Raft Consensus Algorithm for Private Blockchains

Consensus is one of the key problems in blockchains. There are many articles analyzing the performance of threat models for blockchains. But the network stability seems lack of attention, which in fact affects the blockchain performance. This paper studies the performance of a well adopted consensus...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Systems Jg. 50; H. 1; S. 172 - 181
Hauptverfasser: Huang, Dongyan, Ma, Xiaoli, Zhang, Shengli
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: New York IEEE 01.01.2020
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Schlagworte:
Algorithms
Blockchain
Computer networks
Computer simulation
Consensus algorithm
Cryptography
Elections
Heart beat
Mathematical models
network split probability
Packet loss
private blockchain
Raft consensus algorithm
Transient analysis
Voting
ISSN:2168-2216, 2168-2232
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
Abstract Consensus is one of the key problems in blockchains. There are many articles analyzing the performance of threat models for blockchains. But the network stability seems lack of attention, which in fact affects the blockchain performance. This paper studies the performance of a well adopted consensus algorithm, Raft, in networks with non-negligible packet loss rate. In particular, we propose a simple but accurate analytical model to analyze the distributed network split probability. At a given time, we explicitly present the network split probability as a function of the network size, the packet loss rate, and the election timeout period. To validate our analysis, we implement a Raft simulator and the simulation results coincide with the analytical results. With the proposed model, one can predict the network split time and probability in theory and optimize the parameters in Raft consensus algorithm.
AbstractList Consensus is one of the key problems in blockchains. There are many articles analyzing the performance of threat models for blockchains. But the network stability seems lack of attention, which in fact affects the blockchain performance. This paper studies the performance of a well adopted consensus algorithm, Raft, in networks with non-negligible packet loss rate. In particular, we propose a simple but accurate analytical model to analyze the distributed network split probability. At a given time, we explicitly present the network split probability as a function of the network size, the packet loss rate, and the election timeout period. To validate our analysis, we implement a Raft simulator and the simulation results coincide with the analytical results. With the proposed model, one can predict the network split time and probability in theory and optimize the parameters in Raft consensus algorithm.
Author Ma, Xiaoli
Huang, Dongyan
Zhang, Shengli
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Dongyan
  orcidid: 0000-0001-8844-8579
  surname: Huang
  fullname: Huang, Dongyan
  email: huangdongyan-gua@163.com
  organization: College of Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Xiaoli
  surname: Ma
  fullname: Ma, Xiaoli
  email: xiaoli@gatech.edu
  organization: School of Electrical and Computer and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Shengli
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7937-5870
  surname: Zhang
  fullname: Zhang, Shengli
  email: zsl@szu.edu.cn
  organization: College of Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
BookMark eNp9kE1PAjEQQBujiYj8AOOliWewH7vt7hE3fiUYieK5Kd2pFJcttsWEf-8SCAcPnmYO700m7wKdtr4FhK4oGVFKytvZ-0s1YoSWI1aUeSbpCeoxKoohY5ydHncqztEgxiUhhLJCcCJ6aDKFYH1Y6dYAHre62UYXsbc4LQC_aZtw5dsIbdxEPG4-fXBpscKdgafB_egE-K7x5ssstGvjJTqzuokwOMw--ni4n1VPw8nr43M1ngwNK3kazinlxGbaCGp5XZNagxQ5o6aeA-S0lAVwkwkjeF0SogttTG0lz3UtrciJ4X10s7-7Dv57AzGppd-E7vmoGOc8z5jMREfJPWWCjzGAVcYlnZxvU9CuUZSoXT21q6d29dShXmfSP-Y6uJUO23-d673jAODIF0IImkn-C9VvfQg
CODEN ITSMFE
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1002_cpe_7344
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSE_2025_3556736
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jisa_2021_102790
crossref_primary_10_3233_JIFS_213482
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_resconrec_2024_107736
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3435978
crossref_primary_10_1007_s42514_023_00162_y
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12083_021_01103_8
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2023_3348198
crossref_primary_10_26599_TST_2024_9010054
crossref_primary_10_1109_TSMC_2022_3228849
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2023_121838
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_technovation_2023_102711
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_68120_4
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3066184
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2021_3113835
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12083_022_01407_3
crossref_primary_10_1109_TSMC_2022_3230406
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11235_022_00938_7
crossref_primary_10_1109_JBHI_2025_3562090
crossref_primary_10_1155_2021_8455180
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSE_2024_3361458
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_68529_x
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22197387
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSM_2022_3147958
crossref_primary_10_3390_s21186310
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_2999490
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_comcom_2024_108032
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_seta_2022_102039
crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12051154
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3236505
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSM_2024_3436674
crossref_primary_10_3390_app11146313
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2023_3294265
crossref_primary_10_1002_ett_4362
crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics14173567
crossref_primary_10_1186_s40649_019_0066_1
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10586_025_05548_x
crossref_primary_10_3389_fenrg_2023_1298318
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2025_3597260
crossref_primary_10_3390_drones9050334
crossref_primary_10_3390_s23031264
crossref_primary_10_3390_network3030017
crossref_primary_10_3390_s21010028
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11227_024_06056_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cosrev_2022_100492
crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2024_3492393
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3295696
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jnca_2025_104111
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13677_024_00652_6
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2021_3110097
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2021_3132420
crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12245045
crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2021_3088912
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11227_021_04061_3
crossref_primary_10_1002_spe_3114
crossref_primary_10_1145_3715094
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecmx_2025_101196
crossref_primary_10_1109_TII_2022_3168747
crossref_primary_10_3390_s23010155
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3218660
crossref_primary_10_1109_TCC_2024_3372814
crossref_primary_10_1002_smr_2675
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jksuci_2022_08_017
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2023_3323492
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12083_022_01380_x
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNET_2023_3295378
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isatra_2023_06_029
crossref_primary_10_1007_s41870_023_01214_w
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2933860
crossref_primary_10_1109_TSMC_2022_3226748
crossref_primary_10_1049_ise2_6755170
crossref_primary_10_1109_TBDATA_2025_3541560
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2025_3529723
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jnca_2021_103050
crossref_primary_10_1145_3644369
crossref_primary_10_3390_math10020182
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tifs_2025_104892
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ipm_2022_102884
crossref_primary_10_3390_sym16010062
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vehcom_2024_100803
crossref_primary_10_1109_OJCOMS_2025_3586419
crossref_primary_10_1109_TMC_2024_3357499
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jksuci_2021_08_005
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3006078
crossref_primary_10_3390_s23052739
crossref_primary_10_1109_TCE_2024_3391667
crossref_primary_10_1109_TR_2024_3508652
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3401076
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11227_022_04441_3
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_comnet_2025_111661
crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_cs_1626
crossref_primary_10_3390_smartcities8010033
crossref_primary_10_3390_fi13030062
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10207_022_00650_2
crossref_primary_10_1145_3747349
crossref_primary_10_1002_cpe_70195
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_15282_8
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2023_3329577
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2022_3147925
crossref_primary_10_1080_00207543_2023_2217292
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cam_2021_114061
crossref_primary_10_1109_JSYST_2024_3443541
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jnca_2024_104003
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2025_3562725
crossref_primary_10_1109_TSC_2024_3399653
crossref_primary_10_11648_j_ajcst_20250803_11
crossref_primary_10_32604_cmc_2023_046106
crossref_primary_10_3390_fi13060143
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jnca_2021_103232
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3231491
crossref_primary_10_1049_blc2_12041
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3190979
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hcc_2024_100253
crossref_primary_10_3390_app11146252
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSM_2022_3217332
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12083_020_00984_5
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cosrev_2023_100595
crossref_primary_10_1109_JSYST_2023_3319280
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22041437
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_parco_2023_103041
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11227_024_06870_8
crossref_primary_10_1109_TCE_2024_3373435
crossref_primary_10_3390_fi15120400
crossref_primary_10_1155_2022_9676370
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10586_024_04550_z
crossref_primary_10_1109_COMST_2022_3204702
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclepro_2021_128254
crossref_primary_10_1109_TSMC_2022_3228914
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2025_3582822
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_future_2022_08_008
crossref_primary_10_1109_TSC_2023_3238690
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vehcom_2023_100658
crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12204214
crossref_primary_10_3390_jcp5030039
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12243_022_00931_w
crossref_primary_10_1109_TPDS_2021_3049915
Cites_doi 10.2139/ssrn.2646618
10.1109/ICIN.2015.7073830
10.1109/SP.2016.55
10.1109/SMC.2017.8123011
10.1145/279227.279229
10.1145/2723872.2723876
10.1145/2517349.2517350
10.1109/TSMC.2018.2854904
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2020
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2020
DBID 97E
RIA
RIE
AAYXX
CITATION
7SC
7SP
7TB
8FD
FR3
H8D
JQ2
L7M
L~C
L~D
DOI 10.1109/TSMC.2019.2895471
DatabaseName IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005–Present
IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present
IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
CrossRef
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts
Electronics & Communications Abstracts
Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts
Technology Research Database
Engineering Research Database
Aerospace Database
ProQuest Computer Science Collection
Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Aerospace Database
Technology Research Database
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic
Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts
Electronics & Communications Abstracts
ProQuest Computer Science Collection
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts
Engineering Research Database
Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional
DatabaseTitleList Aerospace Database
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: RIE
  name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
  url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 2168-2232
EndPage 181
ExternalDocumentID 10_1109_TSMC_2019_2895471
8666147
Genre orig-research
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Chinese NSF Project
  grantid: 61771315
– fundername: Shenzhen NSF Project
  grantid: JCYJ20160226192223251; JCYJ20170412104656685; JCYJ20170302142312688
– fundername: QuarkChain Foundation Ltd.
– fundername: Director Fund of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing
  grantid: GXKL06160111
GroupedDBID 0R~
6IK
97E
AAJGR
AARMG
AASAJ
AAWTH
ABAZT
ABQJQ
ABVLG
ACGFS
ACIWK
AGQYO
AGSQL
AHBIQ
AKJIK
AKQYR
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
BEFXN
BFFAM
BGNUA
BKEBE
BPEOZ
EBS
EJD
HZ~
IFIPE
IPLJI
JAVBF
M43
O9-
OCL
PQQKQ
RIA
RIE
RNS
AAYXX
CITATION
7SC
7SP
7TB
8FD
FR3
H8D
JQ2
L7M
L~C
L~D
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c293t-b1130f4ac61f3dd0dae76521cdbee51978e3c46c63d900a8accdf735ad7f650c3
IEDL.DBID RIE
ISICitedReferencesCount 175
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000506638700016&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 2168-2216
IngestDate Sun Nov 09 07:01:26 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 22:34:46 EST 2025
Sat Nov 29 03:45:34 EST 2025
Wed Aug 27 02:40:56 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 1
Language English
License https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c293t-b1130f4ac61f3dd0dae76521cdbee51978e3c46c63d900a8accdf735ad7f650c3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ORCID 0000-0001-8844-8579
0000-0002-7937-5870
PQID 2333542746
PQPubID 75739
PageCount 10
ParticipantIDs proquest_journals_2333542746
crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TSMC_2019_2895471
ieee_primary_8666147
crossref_primary_10_1109_TSMC_2019_2895471
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2020-Jan.
2020-1-00
20200101
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 01
  year: 2020
  text: 2020-Jan.
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace New York
PublicationPlace_xml – name: New York
PublicationTitle IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Systems
PublicationTitleAbbrev TSMC
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml – name: IEEE
– name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References ref12
(ref14) 2015
ongaro (ref13) 2013
(ref15) 2018
ref2
(ref20) 2017
castro (ref11) 1999
sharples (ref7) 2015
ref16
ongaro (ref21) 2014
ref19
(ref10) 2014
ref18
(ref17) 2017
ref4
ref3
nakamoto (ref1) 2008
ref6
akins (ref5) 2013
(ref9) 2015
(ref22) 2018
king (ref8) 2012
References_xml – year: 2018
  ident: ref22
  publication-title: Gershgorin circle theorem
– year: 2013
  ident: ref5
  publication-title: A whole new world Income tax considerations of the bitcoin economy
– year: 2018
  ident: ref15
  publication-title: Consortium chain development
– year: 2014
  ident: ref10
  publication-title: Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPOS)
– start-page: 305
  year: 2013
  ident: ref13
  article-title: In search of an understandable consensus algorithm
  publication-title: Proc USENIX Conf USENIX Annu Tech Conf
– year: 2017
  ident: ref17
  publication-title: The Zilliqa Techical Whitepaper
– ident: ref3
  doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2646618
– ident: ref6
  doi: 10.1109/ICIN.2015.7073830
– start-page: 490
  year: 2015
  ident: ref7
  article-title: The blockchain and kudos: A distributed system for educational record, reputation and reward
  publication-title: Proc European Conf Technology-Enhanced Learning (EC-TEL '11)
– year: 2012
  ident: ref8
  publication-title: Ppcoin Peer-to-peer Crypto-currency with Proof-of-stake
– ident: ref4
  doi: 10.1109/SP.2016.55
– year: 2015
  ident: ref9
  publication-title: Whitepaper Nxt
– year: 2014
  ident: ref21
  article-title: Consensus: Bridging theory and practice
– start-page: 173
  year: 1999
  ident: ref11
  article-title: Practical Byzantine fault tolerance
  publication-title: Proc Symp Oper Syst Design Implement
– year: 2017
  ident: ref20
  publication-title: Markov Chains
– ident: ref16
  doi: 10.1109/SMC.2017.8123011
– year: 2008
  ident: ref1
  publication-title: Bitcoin A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
– ident: ref12
  doi: 10.1145/279227.279229
– ident: ref19
  doi: 10.1145/2723872.2723876
– ident: ref18
  doi: 10.1145/2517349.2517350
– ident: ref2
  doi: 10.1109/TSMC.2018.2854904
– year: 2015
  ident: ref14
  publication-title: Hyperledger Project
SSID ssj0001286306
Score 2.5719936
Snippet Consensus is one of the key problems in blockchains. There are many articles analyzing the performance of threat models for blockchains. But the network...
SourceID proquest
crossref
ieee
SourceType Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 172
SubjectTerms Algorithms
Blockchain
Computer networks
Computer simulation
Consensus algorithm
Cryptography
Elections
Heart beat
Mathematical models
network split probability
Packet loss
private blockchain
Raft consensus algorithm
Transient analysis
Voting
Title Performance Analysis of the Raft Consensus Algorithm for Private Blockchains
URI https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8666147
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2333542746
Volume 50
WOSCitedRecordID wos000506638700016&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVIEE
  databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2168-2232
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001286306
  issn: 2168-2216
  databaseCode: RIE
  dateStart: 20130101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
  providerName: IEEE
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3BTtwwEB0B6gEOhRYqtmwrH3qqCCRx1o6PCyrqoUWrlkrcIns8LqvSXbQb-v0de7MLCITEJcrBlqJ5dt7M2DMP4BM7nSVp3kgce7isYoLInKmrDI3BgbVKUmmT2IQ-P68vL81oDQ5XtTBElC6f0VF8TWf5foq3MVV2XKvIJnod1rXWi1qte_mUWskkpVkWisHnZ3eIWeTm-OLn99N4j8sccYAxqHTxgIaSrsqjn3FimLPtl33bDrzuPEkxXED_BtZo8ha27vUX3IVvo7uyALFsPyKmQbDXJ37Y0Iqo1xnFLuZieP17Ohu3V38FzxCjWVQ9I3HCXPcHr-x4Mt-DX2dfLk6_Zp18QobM4W3mCuanUFlURZDe596SVgwGekcU61VrklgpVNKbPLe1RfRBy4H1OrDfhvIdbEymE9oHgYacd5VXHNDyjqcaSbk65Khd7kIVepAvrdlg11s8SlxcNynGyE0TAWgiAE0HQA8-r6bcLBprPDd4N1p8NbAzdg_6S8iabuvNm1JKOag42Fbvn551AJtlDJpTHqUPG-3slj7AK_zXjuezj2lV_QcQ98o4
linkProvider IEEE
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3fb9MwED6NgQQ88GsgCgP8wBMiWxI7Tvw4JqYhuqqCIu0tss_nrWJrpzbj7-fspmUIhMRLlAdbiu6z892dffcBvGWns6SaNxLHHi5TTBCZM43K0BisrNWSSpvEJurRqDk9NeMteL-phSGidPmM9uJrOsv3c7yOqbL9Rkc2qW_B7UqpslhVa93IqDRaJjHNstAMPz_7Y8wiN_uTryeH8SaX2eMQo1J18RsRJWWVP37HiWOOHv7f1z2CB70vKQ5W4D-GLZo9gfs3OgzuwHD8qzBArBuQiHkQ7PeJLzZ0Iip2RrmLpTi4OJsvpt35peAZYryIumckPjDbfcdzO50tn8K3o4-Tw-OsF1DIkFm8y1zBDBWURV0E6X3uLdWa4UDviGLFakMSlUYtvclz21hEH2pZWV8H9txQPoPt2XxGz0GgIeed8ppDWt7z1CBp14Qca5e7oMIA8rU1W-y7i0eRi4s2RRm5aSMAbQSg7QEYwLvNlKtVa41_Dd6JFt8M7I09gN01ZG2_-ZZtKaWsFIfb-sXfZ72Bu8eTk2E7_DT6_BLulTGETlmVXdjuFtf0Cu7gj266XLxOK-wnvwPNfw
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Performance+Analysis+of+the+Raft+Consensus+Algorithm+for+Private+Blockchains&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+systems%2C+man%2C+and+cybernetics.+Systems&rft.au=Huang%2C+Dongyan&rft.au=Ma%2C+Xiaoli&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shengli&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc.+%28IEEE%29&rft.issn=2168-2216&rft.eissn=2168-2232&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=172&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTSMC.2019.2895471&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2168-2216&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2168-2216&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2168-2216&client=summon