Constrained Autoencoder-Based Pulse Compressed Thermal Wave Imaging for Sub-Surface Defect Detection

Non-destructive testing & evaluation techniques play an essential role in ensuring safety of materials in operation at various industry sectors. Pulse compressed favourable thermal wave imaging is one of the widely used non-destructive testing techniques due to its excellent noise rejection capa...

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Vydané v:	IEEE sensors journal Ročník 22; číslo 18; s. 17335 - 17342
Hlavní autori:	Kaur, Kirandeep, Mulaveesala, Ravibabu, Mishra, Priyanka
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	New York IEEE 15.09.2022 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Predmet:	Autoencoder Constraints Cost function Deep learning frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) Frequency modulation Imaging Low carbon steels non-destructive testing & evaluation (NDT&E) Nondestructive testing Orthogonality Photothermal effects Principal component analysis Sensors Signal to noise ratio Surface defects Thermal imaging Thermal wave imaging Thermography Training
ISSN:	1530-437X, 1558-1748
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Abstract	Non-destructive testing & evaluation techniques play an essential role in ensuring safety of materials in operation at various industry sectors. Pulse compressed favourable thermal wave imaging is one of the widely used non-destructive testing techniques due to its excellent noise rejection capabilities. However, the high dimensional thermal imaging data needs to be encoded into lossless compressed form to highlight the hidden defects inside the materials. This paper proposes a novel constrained and regularized autoencoder based thermography approach for sub-surface defect detection in a mild steel specimen. Certain properties such as non-correlation of encoded data, weight orthogonality, and weights with unit norm length have been highlighted which are non-existent in linear autoencoders but are responsible for better defect detection inside the materials inspected by frequency modulated thermal wave imaging. Novel constraints are formulated for autoencoder cost function to incorporate these significant properties. The proposed approach is able to provide better defect detection, in terms of signal to noise ratio of defects, than linear autoencoder as well as traditional principal component thermography approach. Also, non-correlation of encoded data is found to be the most significant factor in achieving better defect detection followed by properties ensuring weight orthogonality and weights with unit norm length.
AbstractList	Non-destructive testing & evaluation techniques play an essential role in ensuring safety of materials in operation at various industry sectors. Pulse compressed favourable thermal wave imaging is one of the widely used non-destructive testing techniques due to its excellent noise rejection capabilities. However, the high dimensional thermal imaging data needs to be encoded into lossless compressed form to highlight the hidden defects inside the materials. This paper proposes a novel constrained and regularized autoencoder based thermography approach for sub-surface defect detection in a mild steel specimen. Certain properties such as non-correlation of encoded data, weight orthogonality, and weights with unit norm length have been highlighted which are non-existent in linear autoencoders but are responsible for better defect detection inside the materials inspected by frequency modulated thermal wave imaging. Novel constraints are formulated for autoencoder cost function to incorporate these significant properties. The proposed approach is able to provide better defect detection, in terms of signal to noise ratio of defects, than linear autoencoder as well as traditional principal component thermography approach. Also, non-correlation of encoded data is found to be the most significant factor in achieving better defect detection followed by properties ensuring weight orthogonality and weights with unit norm length.
Author	Mulaveesala, Ravibabu Mishra, Priyanka Kaur, Kirandeep
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Kirandeep surname: Kaur fullname: Kaur, Kirandeep organization: Department of Electrical Engineering, Infrared Imaging Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India – sequence: 2 givenname: Ravibabu orcidid: 0000-0001-7351-0982 surname: Mulaveesala fullname: Mulaveesala, Ravibabu email: ravi@iitrpr.ac.in organization: Department of Electrical Engineering, Infrared Imaging Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India – sequence: 3 givenname: Priyanka surname: Mishra fullname: Mishra, Priyanka organization: Department of Electrical Engineering, Infrared Imaging Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
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SubjectTerms	Autoencoder Constraints Cost function Deep learning frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) Frequency modulation Imaging Low carbon steels non-destructive testing & evaluation (NDT&E) Nondestructive testing Orthogonality Photothermal effects Principal component analysis Sensors Signal to noise ratio Surface defects Thermal imaging Thermal wave imaging Thermography Training
Title	Constrained Autoencoder-Based Pulse Compressed Thermal Wave Imaging for Sub-Surface Defect Detection
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