Hybrid Beamforming for mmWave Massive MIMO Systems Using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands are considered to be one of the key enablers of beyond-fifth-generation cellular systems. Although the highest spectral efficiency in such systems would be achieved using fully-digital precodi...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:	IEEE transactions on vehicular technology Jg. 73; H. 10; S. 15803 - 15808
Hauptverfasser:	Banerjee, Bitan, Elliott, Robert C., Krzymien, Witold A., Medra, Mostafa
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	New York IEEE 01.10.2024 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Schlagworte:	Antenna arrays Antennas Array signal processing Beamforming Cellular radio conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) Generative adversarial networks hybrid beamforming Massive MIMO Millimeter wave communication Millimeter waves MIMO communication mmWave Precoding Radio frequency Wasserstein conditional generative adversarial network (WCGAN)
ISSN:	0018-9545, 1939-9359
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
Tags:	Tag hinzufügen Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!

Abstract	Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands are considered to be one of the key enablers of beyond-fifth-generation cellular systems. Although the highest spectral efficiency in such systems would be achieved using fully-digital precoding, the large number of antennas in massive MIMO systems makes using a radio frequency (RF) chain for each antenna expensive and currently infeasible in practice. A common alternative solution is hybrid beamforming, which combines analog beamforming and digital precoding and reduces the required number of RF chains. The primary goal of hybrid beamforming is to provide precoding performance as close as possible to that of a fully-digital precoder. In this work, we consider two variants of a generative adversarial network (GAN), namely a conditional GAN (CGAN) and Wasserstein CGAN (WCGAN) to develop the hybrid precoder. The CGAN is used to implement the (partially-connected) analog beamformer and the WCGAN is used for the digital precoder. Our simulation results demonstrate the proposed method yields an improvement in spectral efficiency of about 12-19% over some existing hybrid beamforming schemes and achieves up to 87% of the performance of fully-digital precoding.
AbstractList	Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands are considered to be one of the key enablers of beyond-fifth-generation cellular systems. Although the highest spectral efficiency in such systems would be achieved using fully-digital precoding, the large number of antennas in massive MIMO systems makes using a radio frequency (RF) chain for each antenna expensive and currently infeasible in practice. A common alternative solution is hybrid beamforming, which combines analog beamforming and digital precoding and reduces the required number of RF chains. The primary goal of hybrid beamforming is to provide precoding performance as close as possible to that of a fully-digital precoder. In this work, we consider two variants of a generative adversarial network (GAN), namely a conditional GAN (CGAN) and Wasserstein CGAN (WCGAN) to develop the hybrid precoder. The CGAN is used to implement the (partially-connected) analog beamformer and the WCGAN is used for the digital precoder. Our simulation results demonstrate the proposed method yields an improvement in spectral efficiency of about 12–19% over some existing hybrid beamforming schemes and achieves up to 87% of the performance of fully-digital precoding.
Author	Krzymien, Witold A. Elliott, Robert C. Banerjee, Bitan Medra, Mostafa
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Bitan orcidid: 0000-0001-8165-5735 surname: Banerjee fullname: Banerjee, Bitan email: bitan@ualberta.ca organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Robert C. orcidid: 0000-0001-5561-2088 surname: Elliott fullname: Elliott, Robert C. email: rce@ualberta.ca organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada – sequence: 3 givenname: Witold A. orcidid: 0000-0002-2799-4733 surname: Krzymien fullname: Krzymien, Witold A. email: krzymien@ualberta.ca organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada – sequence: 4 givenname: Mostafa orcidid: 0000-0002-2666-6746 surname: Medra fullname: Medra, Mostafa email: mostafa.medra@huawei.com organization: Huawei Technologies Canada Company Ltd., Ottawa, ON, Canada
BookMark	eNp9kL1PAjEYxhuDiYDuDg6XOB-21x5tRyQKJCCDoGPTu_ZMkbtiWzD89_YCg3FwevK--T3vx9MDncY2GoBbBAcIQf6welsNMpiRASaQI55dgC7imKcc57wDuhAilvKc5Feg5_0mloRw1AVqeiycUcmjlnVlXW2ajyRqUtfv8qCThfTetDpbLJPXow-69snat9TYNsoEYxu5TSa60U6Glhypg3ZeOhPbLzp8W_fpr8FlJbde35y1D9bPT6vxNJ0vJ7PxaJ6WGc9COpSU0TwrIcNMFXJIJKsKRCuuSo0QVxUnqoQ6Z1QpSlleyLxiwwIXEKGSY4r74P40d-fs1177IDZ27-KBXmCEKMLxaRgpeKJKZ713uhI7Z2rpjgJB0WYpYpaizVKcs4yW4R9LaYJsnw9Omu1_xruT0Witf-3JCSUM4h92fYQc
CODEN	ITVTAB
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1007_s42341_025_00649_1 crossref_primary_10_3390_fi17070277 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11276_025_03924_4
Cites_doi	10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3009238 10.1016/j.ins.2019.10.014 10.1109/TVT.2020.3015787 10.1109/COMST.2018.2843719 10.1109/TVT.2019.2951501 10.1109/TWC.2022.3191605 10.1109/TCOMM.2015.2434384 10.1109/TWC.2014.011714.130846 10.1561/2000000093 10.1109/TSP.2003.815393 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3190388 10.1109/TCOMM.2019.2893632 10.1109/GCWkshps56602.2022.10008644 10.1109/TWC.2021.3091524 10.1109/TVT.2020.3009746 10.1109/CVPR.2017.19 10.1109/CVPR.2017.632 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984548 10.1109/TVT.2019.2932128 10.1109/TVT.2019.2893928 10.1109/TCOMM.2015.2502954 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2514261 10.1109/JSAC.2017.2698958 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3232855
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2024
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2024
DBID	97E RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD FR3 KR7 L7M
DOI	10.1109/TVT.2024.3409192
DatabaseName	IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005–Present IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) CrossRef Electronics & Communications Abstracts Technology Research Database Engineering Research Database Civil Engineering Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Civil Engineering Abstracts Engineering Research Database Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Electronics & Communications Abstracts
DatabaseTitleList	Civil Engineering Abstracts
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: RIE name: IEEE/IET Electronic Library (IEL) (UW System Shared) url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Engineering
EISSN	1939-9359
EndPage	15808
ExternalDocumentID	10_1109_TVT_2024_3409192 10547480
Genre	orig-research
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: Huawei Technologies Canada Company Ltd. – fundername: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada funderid: 10.13039/501100000038
GroupedDBID	-~X .DC 0R~ 29I 3EH 4.4 5GY 5VS 6IK 97E AAIKC AAJGR AAMNW AARMG AASAJ AAWTH ABAZT ABQJQ ABVLG ACGFO ACGFS ACIWK ACNCT AENEX AETIX AGQYO AGSQL AHBIQ AI. AIBXA AKJIK AKQYR ALLEH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ASUFR ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ CS3 DU5 EBS EJD HZ~ H~9 IAAWW IBMZZ ICLAB IFIPE IFJZH IPLJI JAVBF LAI M43 MS~ O9- OCL P2P RIA RIE RNS RXW TAE TN5 VH1 AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD FR3 KR7 L7M
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c292t-6a78752c0838dba64a8fb17f9dce119df94dc0e587dd7785ba5f86b3b011c9373
IEDL.DBID	RIE
ISICitedReferencesCount	3
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001336949600019&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0018-9545
IngestDate	Mon Jun 30 10:09:10 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 02:59:15 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:31:05 EST 2025 Wed Aug 27 02:15:51 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	10
Language	English
License	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c292t-6a78752c0838dba64a8fb17f9dce119df94dc0e587dd7785ba5f86b3b011c9373
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14
ORCID	0000-0001-8165-5735 0000-0001-5561-2088 0000-0002-2799-4733 0000-0002-2666-6746
PQID	3117131440
PQPubID	85454
PageCount	6
ParticipantIDs	proquest_journals_3117131440 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2024_3409192 crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TVT_2024_3409192 ieee_primary_10547480
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2024-10-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2024-10-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 10 year: 2024 text: 2024-10-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	New York
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: New York
PublicationTitle	IEEE transactions on vehicular technology
PublicationTitleAbbrev	TVT
PublicationYear	2024
Publisher	IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml	– name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References	ref13 ref12 ref15 ref14 ref11 ref10 Goodfellow (ref23) 2014 ref2 ref1 ref17 ref19 Arjovsky (ref16) 2017 ref18 ref24 ref25 ref20 ref22 ref21 ref27 ref8 ref7 Gulrajani (ref26) 2017 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5
References_xml	– ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3009238 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2019.10.014 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2020.3015787 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2843719 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2951501 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2022.3191605 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2015.2434384 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2014.011714.130846 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1561/2000000093 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2003.815393 – start-page: 1 volume-title: Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. year: 2017 ident: ref26 article-title: Improved training of Wasserstein GANs – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3190388 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2019.2893632 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/GCWkshps56602.2022.10008644 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2021.3091524 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2020.3009746 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2017.19 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2017.632 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984548 – start-page: 1 volume-title: Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. year: 2014 ident: ref23 article-title: Generative adversarial nets – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2932128 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2893928 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2015.2502954 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2514261 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2017.2698958 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3232855 – start-page: 214 volume-title: Proc. 34th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. year: 2017 ident: ref16 article-title: Wasserstein generative adversarial networks
SSID	ssj0014491
Score	2.460853
Snippet	Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands are considered to be one of the key enablers of...
SourceID	proquest crossref ieee
SourceType	Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher
StartPage	15803
SubjectTerms	Antenna arrays Antennas Array signal processing Beamforming Cellular radio conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) Generative adversarial networks hybrid beamforming Massive MIMO Millimeter wave communication Millimeter waves MIMO communication mmWave Precoding Radio frequency Wasserstein conditional generative adversarial network (WCGAN)
Title	Hybrid Beamforming for mmWave Massive MIMO Systems Using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks
URI	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10547480 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3117131440
Volume	73
WOSCitedRecordID	wos001336949600019&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVIEE databaseName: IEEE/IET Electronic Library (IEL) (UW System Shared) customDbUrl: eissn: 1939-9359 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0014491 issn: 0018-9545 databaseCode: RIE dateStart: 19670101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ providerName: IEEE
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3NS8MwFA8qHvTgtzidkoMXD51LmzbNUcUxwU0P8-NW0rwEBm6TdRP8731JOhVEwVNLSUrpL-_l9_K-CDk11pbM2DTiXEPEBehIGoaCl4KOmc1UOyQK34p-P39-lvd1srrPhTHG-OAz03K33pcPEz13R2Uo4SkXPEcLfVmILCRrfboMOK_b4zGUYOQFC59kW54PHgdoCca8laA1E7yeX3uQb6ryQxP77aWz-c8P2yIbNY-kFwH4bbJkxjtk_Vt1wV0C3XeXjkUvjRo5aooPKV7paPSk3gztIW0euutN747WhcupjyCgVxPnyPaHhDTUpXZKkfrmzZVyS5b2Q_h4tUceOteDq25UN1WIdCzjWZQpFNE01ki9cihVxlWOaAkrQRvGJFjJQbdNmgsAIfK0VKnNszIpURFo5DLJPlkZT8bmgFAA4MqiRpCAxLDUMmbAEguxKHNkDaxBzhe_udB1xXHX-OKl8JZHWxYITOGAKWpgGuTsc8ZrqLbxx9g9B8S3cQGDBmkuoCxqeayKhDG0xp0j-_CXaUdkzb09xOk1ycpsOjfHZFW_zYbV9MQvtQ-uj9IY
linkProvider	IEEE
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3NS8MwFA8yBfXgtzg_c_DioVvTpmtz1OGYuE0PU3craV4CgtvETcH_3pekmwNR8NRSElr6y3v5vbwvQs61MQXTJgk4VxDwFFQgNEPBS0BFzDRk6BOFO2mvlw0G4r5MVne5MFprF3yma_bW-fJhrN7tURlKeMJTnqGFvpxwHoU-XWvuNOC8bJDHUIaRGcy8kqGo9x_7aAtGvBajPeP9nt-7kGur8kMXuw2mtfnPT9siGyWTpJce-m2ypEc7ZH2hvuAugfanTciiV1oOLTnFhxSvdDh8kh-adpE4P9vrTfeOlqXLqYshoM2xdWW7Y0LqK1NbtUhd--aJtIuW9nwA-WSPPLSu-812ULZVCFQkomnQkCikSaSQfGVQyAaXGeKVGgFKMybACA4q1EmWAqRplhQyMVmjiAtUBQrZTLxPKqPxSB8QCgBcGtQJApAaFkpEDFhsIEqLDHkDq5L67Dfnqqw5bltfvOTO9ghFjsDkFpi8BKZKLuYzXn29jT_G7lkgFsZ5DKrkeAZlXkrkJI8ZQ3vcurIPf5l2Rlbb_W4n79z0bo_Imn2Tj9o7JpXp27s-ISvqY_o8eTt1y-4LxXPVXw
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hybrid+Beamforming+for+mmWave+Massive+MIMO+Systems+Using+Conditional+Generative+Adversarial+Networks&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+vehicular+technology&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Bitan&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Robert+C.&rft.au=Krzymie%C5%84%2C+Witold+A.&rft.au=Medra%2C+Mostafa&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft.issn=0018-9545&rft.eissn=1939-9359&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=15803&rft.epage=15808&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTVT.2024.3409192&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1109_TVT_2024_3409192
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0018-9545&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0018-9545&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0018-9545&client=summon