Sliding Mode Direct Torque Control of SPMSMs Based on a Hybrid Wolf Optimization Algorithm
Direct torque control has been widely used to control surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs). To reduce the torque ripple and improve the flux tracking accuracy of SPMSM drives, sliding mode direct torque control (SMDTC) was developed. However, its optimal performance is hardly...
Uloženo v:
| Vydáno v: | IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982) Ročník 69; číslo 5; s. 4534 - 4544 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
New York
IEEE
01.05.2022
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Témata: | |
| ISSN: | 0278-0046, 1557-9948 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
| Tagy: |
Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
|
| Abstract | Direct torque control has been widely used to control surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs). To reduce the torque ripple and improve the flux tracking accuracy of SPMSM drives, sliding mode direct torque control (SMDTC) was developed. However, its optimal performance is hardly obtained by trial and error tuning of the control parameters. Hence, a hybrid wolf optimization algorithm (HWOA) is proposed to automatically adjust the controller's parameters of SMDTC for SPMSMs in this article. This algorithm combines the grey wolf optimization algorithm and coyote optimization algorithm. A conversion probability is designed to use them simultaneously. The proposed HWOA holds the advantages of the two algorithms. It converges very fast and can avoid local optimums effectively. Furthermore, a special fitness index with penalty terms is designed to enhance flux tracking accuracy and reduce the torque ripple of SPMSM drives. The superiority of the proposed control method is verified by an experiment. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Direct torque control has been widely used to control surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs). To reduce the torque ripple and improve the flux tracking accuracy of SPMSM drives, sliding mode direct torque control (SMDTC) was developed. However, its optimal performance is hardly obtained by trial and error tuning of the control parameters. Hence, a hybrid wolf optimization algorithm (HWOA) is proposed to automatically adjust the controller's parameters of SMDTC for SPMSMs in this article. This algorithm combines the grey wolf optimization algorithm and coyote optimization algorithm. A conversion probability is designed to use them simultaneously. The proposed HWOA holds the advantages of the two algorithms. It converges very fast and can avoid local optimums effectively. Furthermore, a special fitness index with penalty terms is designed to enhance flux tracking accuracy and reduce the torque ripple of SPMSM drives. The superiority of the proposed control method is verified by an experiment. |
| Author | Zhu, Jianguo Lei, Gang Guo, Youguang Jin, Zhijia Sun, Xiaodong |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Zhijia surname: Jin fullname: Jin, Zhijia email: 2111904009@stmail.ujs.edu.cn organization: Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Xiaodong orcidid: 0000-0002-9451-3311 surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Xiaodong email: xdsun@ujs.edu.cn organization: Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Gang orcidid: 0000-0002-8369-6802 surname: Lei fullname: Lei, Gang email: gang.lei@uts.edu.au organization: School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia – sequence: 4 givenname: Youguang orcidid: 0000-0001-6182-0684 surname: Guo fullname: Guo, Youguang email: youguang.guo-1@uts.edu.au organization: School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia – sequence: 5 givenname: Jianguo orcidid: 0000-0002-9763-4047 surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Jianguo email: jianguo.zhu@sydney.edu.au organization: School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia |
| BookMark | eNp9kE1PAjEQhhujiYDeTbw08bzYTru77RHxAxIIJmBMvGxK28WSZYvdesBf7yLEgwdPc5h55p15uui09rVF6IqSPqVE3i7GD30gQPuMCAJATlCHpmmeSMnFKeoQyEVCCM_OUbdp1oRQntK0g97mlTOuXuGpNxbfu2B1xAsfPj4tHvo6Bl9hX-L583Q-bfCdaqzBvsYKj3bL4Ax-9VWJZ9voNu5LRde2BtXKBxffNxforFRVYy-PtYdeHh8Ww1EymT2Nh4NJokHSmJjMGC5ySnOxVMCMWgoGoKXOVJlLnRueKtCCLzmIUmhITW4kMcAZWKVEynro5rB3G3x7dhOLtf8MdRtZQEYlAQaUtVPkMKWDb5pgy2Ib3EaFXUFJsTdYtAaLvcHiaLBFsj-IdvHnyRiUq_4Drw-gs9b-5kjOMgKSfQPvhH5j |
| CODEN | ITIED6 |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1051_e3sconf_202346900083 crossref_primary_10_1177_16878132241252334 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42835_024_01785_z crossref_primary_10_1109_TFUZZ_2024_3486750 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00202_023_02169_8 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3227330 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2023_3310738 crossref_primary_10_3390_wevj14080212 crossref_primary_10_3390_app122312177 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_25031_6 crossref_primary_10_54644_jte_2025_1807 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPEL_2022_3146841 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2023_3241996 crossref_primary_10_1109_TEC_2023_3301000 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMECH_2023_3240986 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42835_023_01710_w crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2023_3293510 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIE_2023_3243304 crossref_primary_10_1177_16878132241282013 crossref_primary_10_3390_wevj15050196 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00202_023_01779_6 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIE_2025_3552258 crossref_primary_10_3390_app12168317 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42835_024_02069_2 crossref_primary_10_1177_16878140211045195 crossref_primary_10_3390_pr11072020 crossref_primary_10_1177_10775463241257748 crossref_primary_10_1177_16878132231198664 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isatra_2022_08_013 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2024_3408210 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00202_022_01515_6 crossref_primary_10_1177_16878132221090025 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2022_3206452 crossref_primary_10_3390_wevj14040114 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3437428 crossref_primary_10_1109_JESTIE_2022_3148031 crossref_primary_10_3390_machines13090767 crossref_primary_10_1177_16878132241273529 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_99429_3 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3402983 crossref_primary_10_1177_16878132221132154 crossref_primary_10_1177_01445987251353243 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2023_3296684 crossref_primary_10_1177_16878132251372789 crossref_primary_10_1109_TEC_2022_3227196 crossref_primary_10_1177_16878132231199345 crossref_primary_10_1109_TEC_2023_3314521 crossref_primary_10_54644_jte_2025_1792 crossref_primary_10_1002_asjc_3306 crossref_primary_10_1109_JAS_2022_105851 crossref_primary_10_1109_JESTPE_2024_3515046 crossref_primary_10_3390_app12073666 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2025_3530444 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13638_024_02349_5 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPEL_2025_3596128 crossref_primary_10_1080_00207217_2023_2245195 crossref_primary_10_1109_TEC_2024_3386793 crossref_primary_10_1109_TFUZZ_2023_3335851 crossref_primary_10_1177_10775463241264864 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2025_3543660 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPEL_2024_3370622 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2022_3190536 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42835_023_01421_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00202_023_02038_4 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMECH_2021_3121802 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPEL_2023_3334861 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2021_3111889 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2022_3195945 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2024_3443809 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_energy_2023_129251 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2023_3287159 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rser_2023_113569 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIE_2023_3337498 crossref_primary_10_1108_CW_12_2023_0453 crossref_primary_10_1109_TEC_2021_3138905 crossref_primary_10_1007_s43236_022_00496_w crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2024_3496505 crossref_primary_10_1109_JESTIE_2024_3417375 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_energy_2024_132014 crossref_primary_10_3390_math11224666 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0308417 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIE_2024_3429660 crossref_primary_10_1109_TEC_2023_3239525 crossref_primary_10_3390_app13106255 crossref_primary_10_1109_TEC_2023_3257302 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2024_3374273 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_iot_2024_101323 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2024_3388375 crossref_primary_10_1109_TTE_2023_3288868 crossref_primary_10_3390_math11194067 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42835_023_01438_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aej_2024_12_029 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPEL_2024_3396504 crossref_primary_10_3390_en14185874 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11071_024_10195_9 crossref_primary_10_3233_JAE_210033 crossref_primary_10_1007_s43236_022_00530_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asoc_2023_110827 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1109/TTE.2020.3031338 10.1109/41.937422 10.1109/TPEL.2020.2994254 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2923726 10.1109/TIE.2017.2677346 10.1109/TIE.2020.2984433 10.1080/15325008.2015.1041625 10.1109/TIA.2016.2599902 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3000770 10.1109/PEDES.2016.7914260 10.1109/TVT.2020.2981422 10.1109/CEC.2018.8477769 10.1109/TIE.2016.2607698 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2864303 10.1109/ICETEESES.2016.7581394 10.1016/j.asoc.2015.09.045 10.1007/s00500-018-3310-y 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2262953 10.1109/TEC.2020.2989438 10.1109/TIE.2016.2569067 10.1109/TIE.2015.2426678 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0383 10.1109/JSEN.2018.2822712 10.1109/TIE.2019.2947875 10.1109/TEC.2009.2036249 10.1109/COMPUMAG45669.2019.9032768 10.1109/TPEL.2021.3063226 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2694450 10.1109/TTE.2021.3052986 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2022 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2022 |
| DBID | 97E RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD L7M |
| DOI | 10.1109/TIE.2021.3080220 |
| DatabaseName | IEEE Xplore (IEEE) IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) CrossRef Electronics & Communications Abstracts Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Electronics & Communications Abstracts |
| DatabaseTitleList | Technology Research Database |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: RIE name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1557-9948 |
| EndPage | 4544 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1109_TIE_2021_3080220 9436029 |
| Genre | orig-research |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China grantid: BK20180046 – fundername: "Qinglan project" of Jiangsu Province – fundername: China Scholarship Council grantid: 202008320563 funderid: 10.13039/501100004543 – fundername: National Natural Science Foundation of China grantid: 51875261 funderid: 10.13039/501100001809 |
| GroupedDBID | -~X .DC 0R~ 29I 4.4 5GY 5VS 6IK 97E 9M8 AAJGR AARMG AASAJ AAWTH ABAZT ABQJQ ABVLG ACGFO ACGFS ACIWK ACKIV ACNCT AENEX AETIX AGQYO AGSQL AHBIQ AI. AIBXA AKJIK AKQYR ALLEH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ASUFR ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ CS3 DU5 EBS EJD HZ~ H~9 IBMZZ ICLAB IFIPE IFJZH IPLJI JAVBF LAI M43 MS~ O9- OCL P2P RIA RIE RNS TAE TN5 TWZ VH1 VJK AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD L7M |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c291t-d6dd4871178ba23dab8322c9c6af79c7d45a2c84b428f8c25d7d90d2432eaa853 |
| IEDL.DBID | RIE |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 106 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000742200700025&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0278-0046 |
| IngestDate | Mon Jun 30 10:14:23 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 01:31:51 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:25:22 EST 2025 Wed Aug 27 03:03:11 EDT 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 5 |
| Language | English |
| License | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c291t-d6dd4871178ba23dab8322c9c6af79c7d45a2c84b428f8c25d7d90d2432eaa853 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6182-0684 0000-0002-9451-3311 0000-0002-8369-6802 0000-0002-9763-4047 |
| PQID | 2619023213 |
| PQPubID | 85464 |
| PageCount | 11 |
| ParticipantIDs | ieee_primary_9436029 proquest_journals_2619023213 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIE_2021_3080220 crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TIE_2021_3080220 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2022-05-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2022-05-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 05 year: 2022 text: 2022-05-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | New York |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: New York |
| PublicationTitle | IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982) |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | TIE |
| PublicationYear | 2022 |
| Publisher | IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Publisher_xml | – name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| References | ref13 ref12 ref15 ref14 ref31 ref30 ref11 ref10 ref2 ref1 ref17 ref16 ref19 ref18 ref24 ref23 ref26 ref25 ref20 ref22 ref21 ref27 Zhang (ref28) 2020 ref29 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 |
| References_xml | – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/TTE.2020.3031338 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1109/41.937422 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.2994254 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2923726 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2677346 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2020.2984433 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1080/15325008.2015.1041625 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/TIA.2016.2599902 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3000770 – year: 2020 ident: ref28 article-title: Hybrid coyote optimization algorithm with grey wolf optimizer and its application to clustering optimization publication-title: Acta Automatica Sinica – ident: ref16 doi: 10.1109/PEDES.2016.7914260 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2020.2981422 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1109/CEC.2018.8477769 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2016.2607698 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2864303 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1109/ICETEESES.2016.7581394 – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2015.09.045 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1007/s00500-018-3310-y – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2262953 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.2989438 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2016.2569067 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2015.2426678 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0383 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2018.2822712 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2019.2947875 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/TEC.2009.2036249 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1109/COMPUMAG45669.2019.9032768 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2021.3063226 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2694450 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1109/TTE.2021.3052986 |
| SSID | ssj0014515 |
| Score | 2.6427941 |
| Snippet | Direct torque control has been widely used to control surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs). To reduce the torque ripple and improve the... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref ieee |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 4534 |
| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Control methods Control surfaces Convergence Coyote optimization algorithm (COA) grey wolf optimization algorithm (GWOA) Indexes Optimization Optimization algorithms Parameters permanent magnet synchronous motors Permanent magnets Ripples Sliding mode control sliding mode direct torque control (SMDTC) Sun Synchronous motors Torque Torque control Torque measurement Tracking |
| Title | Sliding Mode Direct Torque Control of SPMSMs Based on a Hybrid Wolf Optimization Algorithm |
| URI | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9436029 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2619023213 |
| Volume | 69 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000742200700025&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVIEE databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) customDbUrl: eissn: 1557-9948 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0014515 issn: 0278-0046 databaseCode: RIE dateStart: 19820101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ providerName: IEEE |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LT8MwDLa2iQMceCMGA-XABYmyNs2a5jimoXHYmLQhEJcqjVOYtK1oDyT-PUnbTSAQErceErWyE9tf7c8GuIjdUDEdK4cLZSk5TDih1NShiDRGT2GShNmwCd7rhU9Pol-CqzUXRmudFZ_pa_uY5fIxVUv7q6wumB-4VJShzDnPuVrrjAFr5NMKqO0Ya0DfKiXpivrwrm2AIPWu_ZxY-s0FZTNVfhjizLvc7vzvu3Zhu4giSTNX-x6U9HQftr70FjyA58F4ZP0SsdPOSG7ZyDCdmdeTVl6fTtKEDPrdQXdObowzQ5JOiSSdD0viIo_pOCH3xqBMCqYmaY5f0tlo8To5hIfb9rDVcYpBCo6iwls4GCAaYOJ5PIwl9VHG9h4roQKZGB1xZA1JVchig0WSUNEGchQuUuZTLaVx6EdQmaZTfQyEy0AoJhJlAwMd2G5lyBJXGZDN0EO_CvWVbCNVdBm3wy7GUYY2XBEZbURWG1GhjSpcrne85R02_lh7YKW_XlcIvgq1lfqi4grOIwsNTUBCPf_k912nsEktlyGrXqxBZTFb6jPYUO-L0Xx2np2uT-BNy6E |
| linkProvider | IEEE |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3dS8MwED_8AvXBrylOp-bBF8FubZq1zeMcyoZuCpsovpQ0l-pgW2Wrgv-9SdsNRRF860NCy11yd7_e_e4ATiM7kExF0vK5NJQcxq1AKGpRRBqhIzGOg2zYhN_tBo-P_G4BzudcGKVUVnymquYxy-VjIt_Mr7IaZ65nU74Iy3XGqJOzteY5A1bP5xVQ0zNWw75ZUtLmtX77UkNB6lTdnFr6zQllU1V-mOLMv1xt_u_LtmCjiCNJI1f8Niyo8Q6sf-kuWIKn3nBgPBMx885IbttIP5no15NmXqFOkpj07jq9zpRcaHeGJBkTQVofhsZFHpJhTG61SRkVXE3SGD4nk0H6MtqF-6vLfrNlFaMULEm5k1roIWpo4jh-EAnqoojMTZZceiLWWvKR1QWVAYs0GokDSevoI7eRMpcqIbRL34OlcTJW-0B84XHJeCxNaKA8068MWWxLDbMZOuiWoTaTbSiLPuNm3MUwzPCGzUOtjdBoIyy0UYaz-Y7XvMfGH2tLRvrzdYXgy1CZqS8sLuE0NOBQhyTUcQ9-33UCq61-5ya8aXevD2GNGmZDVstYgaV08qaOYEW-p4Pp5Dg7aZ-kdM7o |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sliding+Mode+Direct+Torque+Control+of+SPMSMs+Based+on+a+Hybrid+Wolf+Optimization+Algorithm&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+industrial+electronics+%281982%29&rft.au=Jin%2C+Zhijia&rft.au=Sun%2C+Xiaodong&rft.au=Lei%2C+Gang&rft.au=Guo%2C+Youguang&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft.issn=0278-0046&rft.eissn=1557-9948&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=4534&rft.epage=4544&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTIE.2021.3080220&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1109_TIE_2021_3080220 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0278-0046&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0278-0046&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0278-0046&client=summon |