An Efficient TDC Using a Dual-Mode Resource-Saving Method Evaluated in a 28-nm FPGA
FPGA-based time-to-digital converters (TDCs) are required to be accurate, linear, and fast, while at the same time employing a reduced number of resources. Pushing these requirements to the limit is challenging, although it is constantly required by many applications. This article presents a dual-mo...
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| Published in: | IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement Vol. 71; pp. 1 - 13 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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2022
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
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| ISSN: | 0018-9456, 1557-9662 |
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| Abstract | FPGA-based time-to-digital converters (TDCs) are required to be accurate, linear, and fast, while at the same time employing a reduced number of resources. Pushing these requirements to the limit is challenging, although it is constantly required by many applications. This article presents a dual-mode tapped-delay-line (TDL)-propagating 1's and 0's in alternating measurement cycles-architecture for a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based TDC that complies with the mentioned specifications. The dead-time of the proposed TDC is reduced to one system clock cycle by using a toggling input stage and a dual-mode counter-based encoder. To improve the TDC linearity, the TDL sampling sequence is tuned separately for each operating mode. The presented architecture employs a low-resources dual-mode combinatory encoder of one- and zero-counters to remove the bubbles and cover both operating modes. A dual-mode bin-width calibration has been carried out to improve the TDC performance in each mode. The proposed architecture has been implemented on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA. Experimental results have shown a differential nonlinearity (DNL) within [−0.71 1.05] least significant bit (LSB) and an integral nonlinearity (INL) within [−0.85 0.86] LSB for the propagation of 1's. DNL and INL are within [−0.73 1.06] LSB and [−1.17 0.04] LSB, respectively, for the propagation of 0's. The LSB size is 22.1 ps and the TDC precision is 22.35 ps. A comparison with recently published state-of-the-art FPGA-based TDCs is provided at the end of the article. |
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| AbstractList | FPGA-based time-to-digital converters (TDCs) are required to be accurate, linear, and fast, while at the same time employing a reduced number of resources. Pushing these requirements to the limit is challenging, although it is constantly required by many applications. This article presents a dual-mode tapped-delay-line (TDL)—propagating 1’s and 0’s in alternating measurement cycles—architecture for a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based TDC that complies with the mentioned specifications. The dead-time of the proposed TDC is reduced to one system clock cycle by using a toggling input stage and a dual-mode counter-based encoder. To improve the TDC linearity, the TDL sampling sequence is tuned separately for each operating mode. The presented architecture employs a low-resources dual-mode combinatory encoder of one- and zero-counters to remove the bubbles and cover both operating modes. A dual-mode bin-width calibration has been carried out to improve the TDC performance in each mode. The proposed architecture has been implemented on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA. Experimental results have shown a differential nonlinearity (DNL) within [−0.71 1.05] least significant bit (LSB) and an integral nonlinearity (INL) within [−0.85 0.86] LSB for the propagation of 1’s. DNL and INL are within [−0.73 1.06] LSB and [−1.17 0.04] LSB, respectively, for the propagation of 0’s. The LSB size is 22.1 ps and the TDC precision is 22.35 ps. A comparison with recently published state-of-the-art FPGA-based TDCs is provided at the end of the article. |
| Author | Parsakordasiabi, Mojtaba Vornicu, Ion Carmona-Galan, Ricardo Rodriguez-Vazquez, Angel |
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| SubjectTerms | Calibration Carry chains Clocks Coders Converters dead-time Delay lines Field programmable gate arrays field-programmable gate array (FPGA) Linearity multichannel TDCs Nonlinearity Propagation delay Propagation modes Signal resolution tapped-delay line (TDL) time-to-digital converter (TDC) |
| Title | An Efficient TDC Using a Dual-Mode Resource-Saving Method Evaluated in a 28-nm FPGA |
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