Push-Based Distributed Economic Dispatch in Smart Grids Over Time-Varying Unbalanced Directed Graphs

This paper is dedicated to solving the economic dispatch problem in smart grids, which aims at minimizing the total generation cost while satisfying the power supply-demand balance and generation capacity constraints. A distributed algorithm is proposed to solve the economic dispatch problem over di...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:	IEEE transactions on smart grid Jg. 12; H. 4; S. 3185 - 3199
Hauptverfasser:	Wang, Zhu, Wang, Dong, Wen, Changyun, Guo, Fanghong, Wang, Wei
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Piscataway IEEE 01.07.2021 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Schlagworte:	Algorithms Communication networks Cost analysis Distributed algorithms Distributed generation Economic dispatch Economics Graph theory Heuristic algorithms line losses Network topology Power dispatch push-based distributed algorithm Smart grid Smart grids time-varying network Topology Unbalance
ISSN:	1949-3053, 1949-3061
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
Tags:	Tag hinzufügen Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!

Abstract	This paper is dedicated to solving the economic dispatch problem in smart grids, which aims at minimizing the total generation cost while satisfying the power supply-demand balance and generation capacity constraints. A distributed algorithm is proposed to solve the economic dispatch problem over directed communication topologies that are time-varying unbalanced. Its features are that the proposed algorithm is push-based, and the model of line losses is integrated into the problem of our interest to reduce the power losses. Resorting to geometric graph theory and convex analysis, it is proved that the incremental costs achieve consensus at a convergence rate <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">O({{1 / {\sqrt {t} }}}) </tex-math></inline-formula> with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">t </tex-math></inline-formula> being the number of iterations. Furthermore, robustness of the proposed algorithm is investigated solving the EDP when the communication information undergoes arbitrary large but bounded constant delays and the local gradients involve observation noises with zero-mean and bounded variance. Finally, three case studies implemented on an islanded microgrid, the IEEE 30-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system are tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
AbstractList	This paper is dedicated to solving the economic dispatch problem in smart grids, which aims at minimizing the total generation cost while satisfying the power supply-demand balance and generation capacity constraints. A distributed algorithm is proposed to solve the economic dispatch problem over directed communication topologies that are time-varying unbalanced. Its features are that the proposed algorithm is push-based, and the model of line losses is integrated into the problem of our interest to reduce the power losses. Resorting to geometric graph theory and convex analysis, it is proved that the incremental costs achieve consensus at a convergence rate <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">O({{1 / {\sqrt {t} }}}) </tex-math></inline-formula> with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">t </tex-math></inline-formula> being the number of iterations. Furthermore, robustness of the proposed algorithm is investigated solving the EDP when the communication information undergoes arbitrary large but bounded constant delays and the local gradients involve observation noises with zero-mean and bounded variance. Finally, three case studies implemented on an islanded microgrid, the IEEE 30-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system are tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. This paper is dedicated to solving the economic dispatch problem in smart grids, which aims at minimizing the total generation cost while satisfying the power supply-demand balance and generation capacity constraints. A distributed algorithm is proposed to solve the economic dispatch problem over directed communication topologies that are time-varying unbalanced. Its features are that the proposed algorithm is push-based, and the model of line losses is integrated into the problem of our interest to reduce the power losses. Resorting to geometric graph theory and convex analysis, it is proved that the incremental costs achieve consensus at a convergence rate [Formula Omitted] with [Formula Omitted] being the number of iterations. Furthermore, robustness of the proposed algorithm is investigated solving the EDP when the communication information undergoes arbitrary large but bounded constant delays and the local gradients involve observation noises with zero-mean and bounded variance. Finally, three case studies implemented on an islanded microgrid, the IEEE 30-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system are tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Author	Wang, Zhu Wen, Changyun Wang, Dong Wang, Wei Guo, Fanghong
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Zhu orcidid: 0000-0002-0699-2456 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Zhu email: xinyu306@mail.dlut.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Optimization for Industrial Equipment of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Dong orcidid: 0000-0002-2493-1032 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Dong email: dwang@dlut.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Optimization for Industrial Equipment of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Changyun orcidid: 0000-0001-9530-360X surname: Wen fullname: Wen, Changyun email: ecywen@ntu.edu.sg organization: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore – sequence: 4 givenname: Fanghong orcidid: 0000-0003-1721-266X surname: Guo fullname: Guo, Fanghong email: fhguo@zjut.edu.cn organization: Department of Automation, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Wei orcidid: 0000-0001-7608-7438 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Wei email: wangwei@dlut.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Optimization for Industrial Equipment of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
BookMark	eNp9kEtLw0AUhQepYK3dC24CrlPnkUySpdYahUKFtm7DzWRip7STODMR-u-d2NKFC-_mPjjnXPiu0UA3WiJ0S_CEEJw9rJb5hGJKJgxzRmh6gYYki7LQr2RwnmN2hcbWbrEvxhin2RBV753dhE9gZRU8K-uMKjvn55lodLNXoj-24MQmUDpY7sG4IDeqssHiW5pgpfYy_ABzUPozWOsSdqDFb5KRoo_JDbQbe4Mua9hZOT71EVq_zFbT13C-yN-mj_NQ0Iy4MI6SmGOoSympoIyVXFZpmtRlQmUiIE6hrKOEYX8AIBkkUQR1TVIQcQkJl2yE7o-5rWm-OmldsW06o_3LgsYRjbFHxL2KH1XCNNYaWRdCOXCq0c6A2hUEFz3UwkMteqjFCao34j_G1iiP5PCf5e5oUVLKszxjnKcEsx-kk4RQ
CODEN	ITSGBQ
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1002_asjc_3573 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2025_130460 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSII_2022_3196931 crossref_primary_10_1109_JAS_2024_124695 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSIPN_2024_3485549 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_egyr_2023_10_078 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2024_3438129 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSE_2022_3174098 crossref_primary_10_1088_1402_4896_adb652 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIA_2022_3201060 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSG_2023_3288481 crossref_primary_10_1109_TII_2023_3321027 crossref_primary_10_1109_TII_2024_3399473 crossref_primary_10_3390_math11102295 crossref_primary_10_1002_rnc_6596 crossref_primary_10_1002_rnc_6593 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10586_024_04693_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sysconle_2023_105619 crossref_primary_10_1109_TASE_2024_3487214 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jfranklin_2022_10_031 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSE_2024_3507956 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_epsr_2022_108298 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCNS_2023_3285887 crossref_primary_10_1109_TASE_2023_3278865 crossref_primary_10_1109_TASE_2025_3544892 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00500_023_08506_0 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCNS_2024_3431730 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPWRS_2023_3246998 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSYST_2022_3228242 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSE_2022_3155481 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSE_2023_3277708 crossref_primary_10_1049_cth2_12526 crossref_primary_10_1080_21642583_2025_2467077 crossref_primary_10_1002_nem_2276 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jfranklin_2025_107611 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSE_2024_3384505 crossref_primary_10_1109_TII_2023_3348816 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSE_2025_3561195 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSMC_2022_3195121
Cites_doi	10.1016/j.automatica.2016.08.007 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2188912 10.1109/TII.2019.2945601 10.1109/TEC.2011.2159977 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.873407 10.1109/TSG.2016.2516017 10.1109/TNSE.2020.2965999 10.1109/TAC.2019.2934216 10.1080/00207179.2012.674644 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2299436 10.1007/s12667-016-0224-6 10.5370/JEET.2008.3.4.509 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.157 10.1109/TNSE.2020.3007472 10.1109/TAC.2018.2846679 10.1007/s10107-007-0149-x 10.1109/TAC.2014.2364096 10.1109/TII.2018.2881974 10.1109/TCST.2015.2462741 10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345156 10.1109/TSG.2017.2756041 10.1109/TSG.2016.2587741 10.1109/TSG.2016.2623980 10.1109/TII.2020.3010282 10.1109/TAC.2005.846556 10.1007/978-1-4419-8853-9 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2271640 10.1109/TCYB.2017.2669041 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2876466 10.1109/TIE.2016.2617832 10.1109/TEC.2007.914171 10.1109/TCNS.2019.2921284 10.1109/TPWRS.2004.836189 10.1109/TSG.2010.2053726 10.1016/j.automatica.2018.12.033 10.1109/TII.2017.2749264 10.1109/TIE.2017.2721923 10.1109/JAS.2020.1003156
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2021
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2021
DBID	97E RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SP 7TB 8FD FR3 KR7 L7M
DOI	10.1109/TSG.2021.3063128
DatabaseName	IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005–Present IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) CrossRef Electronics & Communications Abstracts Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts Technology Research Database Engineering Research Database Civil Engineering Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Civil Engineering Abstracts Engineering Research Database Technology Research Database Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Electronics & Communications Abstracts
DatabaseTitleList	Civil Engineering Abstracts
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: RIE name: IEEE/IET Electronic Library url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Economics Engineering
EISSN	1949-3061
EndPage	3199
ExternalDocumentID	10_1109_TSG_2021_3063128 9366810
Genre	orig-research
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: National Natural Science Foundation of China grantid: 61973050; 61773089; 61903333 funderid: 10.13039/501100001809 – fundername: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities grantid: DUT20GJ209; DUT20JC14 funderid: 10.13039/501100012226
GroupedDBID	0R~ 4.4 5VS 6IK 97E AAJGR AARMG AASAJ AAWTH ABAZT ABQJQ ABVLG ACIWK AENEX AGQYO AGSQL AHBIQ AKJIK AKQYR ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ EBS EJD HZ~ IFIPE IPLJI JAVBF M43 O9- OCL P2P RIA RIE RNS AAYXX CITATION 7SP 7TB 8FD FR3 KR7 L7M
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c291t-547560afbee2c233b6ed887fb72e7ca58abf4730fb7aa19a744aff18ac5ba76e3
IEDL.DBID	RIE
ISICitedReferencesCount	53
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000663539700037&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	1949-3053
IngestDate	Mon Jun 30 09:49:36 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 18 20:38:46 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 03:45:58 EST 2025 Wed Aug 27 02:50:51 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	4
Language	English
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c291t-547560afbee2c233b6ed887fb72e7ca58abf4730fb7aa19a744aff18ac5ba76e3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14
ORCID	0000-0002-0699-2456 0000-0001-9530-360X 0000-0002-2493-1032 0000-0003-1721-266X 0000-0001-7608-7438
PQID	2542500216
PQPubID	2040408
PageCount	15
ParticipantIDs	crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TSG_2021_3063128 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSG_2021_3063128 proquest_journals_2542500216 ieee_primary_9366810
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2021-07-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2021-07-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 07 year: 2021 text: 2021-07-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	Piscataway
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Piscataway
PublicationTitle	IEEE transactions on smart grid
PublicationTitleAbbrev	TSG
PublicationYear	2021
Publisher	IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml	– name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References	ref35 ref13 ref34 ref12 ref15 ref36 ref14 wood (ref3) 1996 ref33 ref11 ref32 ref10 ref2 ref1 ref39 ref17 ref38 ref16 ref19 ref18 zhang (ref37) 2016 rockafellar (ref30) 2015 (ref42) 1993 ref24 ref23 ref26 ref25 ref20 ref41 ref22 ref21 ref43 nesterov (ref29) 2004 ref28 ref27 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref6 bass (ref31) 1993 ref5 ref40
References_xml	– ident: ref7 doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2016.08.007 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2188912 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2945601 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1109/TEC.2011.2159977 – ident: ref41 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.873407 – ident: ref16 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2516017 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1109/TNSE.2020.2965999 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1109/TAC.2019.2934216 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1080/00207179.2012.674644 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2299436 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1007/s12667-016-0224-6 – ident: ref39 doi: 10.5370/JEET.2008.3.4.509 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.157 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1109/TNSE.2020.3007472 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1109/TAC.2018.2846679 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1007/s10107-007-0149-x – year: 1996 ident: ref3 publication-title: Power Generation Operation and Control – year: 2015 ident: ref30 publication-title: Convex Analysis – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1109/TAC.2014.2364096 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1109/TII.2018.2881974 – ident: ref34 doi: 10.1109/TCST.2015.2462741 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345156 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2017.2756041 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2587741 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2623980 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1109/TII.2020.3010282 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/TAC.2005.846556 – year: 2004 ident: ref29 publication-title: Introductory Lectures on Convex Optimization A Basic Course doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8853-9 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2271640 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/TCYB.2017.2669041 – ident: ref43 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2876466 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2016.2617832 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1109/TEC.2007.914171 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1109/TCNS.2019.2921284 – ident: ref40 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2004.836189 – year: 1993 ident: ref31 publication-title: Algebraic Graph Theory – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2053726 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2018.12.033 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1109/TII.2017.2749264 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2721923 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1109/JAS.2020.1003156 – start-page: 720 year: 2016 ident: ref37 article-title: Microgrid cooperative distributed energy scheduling (CoDES) considering battery degradation cost publication-title: Proc IEEE 25th Int Symp Ind Electron – year: 1993 ident: ref42 publication-title: IEEE 118-Bus System
SSID	ssj0000333629
Score	2.5508127
Snippet	This paper is dedicated to solving the economic dispatch problem in smart grids, which aims at minimizing the total generation cost while satisfying the power...
SourceID	proquest crossref ieee
SourceType	Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher
StartPage	3185
SubjectTerms	Algorithms Communication networks Cost analysis Distributed algorithms Distributed generation Economic dispatch Economics Graph theory Heuristic algorithms line losses Network topology Power dispatch push-based distributed algorithm Smart grid Smart grids time-varying network Topology Unbalance
Title	Push-Based Distributed Economic Dispatch in Smart Grids Over Time-Varying Unbalanced Directed Graphs
URI	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9366810 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2542500216
Volume	12
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000663539700037&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVIEE databaseName: IEEE/IET Electronic Library customDbUrl: eissn: 1949-3061 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000333629 issn: 1949-3053 databaseCode: RIE dateStart: 20100101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ providerName: IEEE
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3dSxwxEB9UCtoHbbWlZ1Xy0JeC8W432eTy2PpxPogV_MC3JV_LHdhVbu_8-53J7R6CpeDThpAJy_6yM5NM5jcAP7JoHBqmiodCSS5jkNy53HBUhF5V6FNYnyjzL_Tl5fD-3lytwOEyFybGmC6fxSNqplh-ePRzOirrG6GIPmsVVrXWi1yt5XnKQAjUxSYFkSWF8wvRRSUHpn9zPcK9YJ4doYcsMiq9_soKpbIqb3RxMjBnW-97tU-w2TqS7NcC-c-wEuttWO_yjJtt-PiKanAHwtW8GfPfaLMCOyGyXKpzhe1OgDqfUC2P2aRm139xQbHRdBIa9gfXOqNEEX5np5QTxW5rR_chfZqJFCY2RsR73XyB27PTm-Nz3lZY4D432YwXUqPHYysXY-5zIZyKAbVO5XQetbfF0LpKog7ADmsRNy2lrapsaH3hrFZRfIW1-rGO34CpysqBlTYamUnrhi54U-T4VDYXKsQe9LsvXvqWfpyqYDyUaRsyMCViVBJGZYtRD34uJZ4W1Bv_GbtDmCzHtXD0YK8DtWz_zabELTH6fSisdv8t9R02aO7Fpdw9WJtN53EfPvjn2aSZHqRl9wLcA9Vy
linkProvider	IEEE
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3db9MwED-NDWnwwGADUfaBH3hBwmtjO079OGDrJkqZtA7tLfJXtEqQTU3L38-dm1STQEg8xbJ8SZSfc3f2-X4H8C6LxqFhqnjIteIqBsWdE4ajIvS6Qp_C-kSZPy4mk-HNjbncgA_rXJgYYzp8Fo-pmWL54c4vaausb6Qm-qxHsJUrJbJVttZ6R2UgJWpjk8LIigL6uezikgPTn16NcDUosmP0kWVGxdcf2KFUWOUPbZxMzNnO_73cc3jWupLsZIX9C9iI9S5sd5nGzS48fUA2uAfhctnc8o9otQL7THS5VOkK250Add6jYr5ls5pd_cQpxUbzWWjYN5ztjFJF-Hc7p6wodl07OhHp051IZWJjRMzXzUu4PjudfjrnbY0F7oXJFjxXBfo8tnIxCi-kdDoG1DuVK0QsvM2H1lUKtQB2WIvIFUrZqsqG1ufOFjrKV7BZ39XxNTBdWTWwykajMmXd0AVvcoFXbYXUIfag333x0rcE5FQH40eZFiIDUyJGJWFUthj14P1a4n5FvvGPsXuEyXpcC0cPDjpQy_bvbEpcFKPnh8L6zd-l3sL2-fTruBxfTL7swxN6zuqI7gFsLubLeAiP_a_FrJkfpSn4Gx2g2Lk
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Push-Based+Distributed+Economic+Dispatch+in+Smart+Grids+Over+Time-Varying+Unbalanced+Directed+Graphs&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+smart+grid&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Dong&rft.au=Wen%2C+Changyun&rft.au=Guo%2C+Fanghong&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc.+%28IEEE%29&rft.issn=1949-3053&rft.eissn=1949-3061&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=3185&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTSG.2021.3063128&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1949-3053&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1949-3053&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1949-3053&client=summon