Serrodyne Frequency Translation Using Time-Modulated Metasurfaces

Temporally modulated metamaterials have attracted significant attention recently due to their nonreciprocal and frequency converting properties. Here, a transparent, time-modulated metasurface, which functions as a serrodyne frequency translator, is reported at <inline-formula> <tex-math no...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation Vol. 68; no. 3; pp. 1599 - 1606
Main Authors:	Wu, Zhanni, Grbic, Anthony
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York IEEE 01.03.2020 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subjects:	Frequency analysis Frequency conversion Frequency modulation Frequency translation Harmonic analysis Metamaterials Metasurfaces Modal analysis Phase shifters Refractive index Sawtooth waveforms Time-frequency analysis time-modulated metasurfaces
ISSN:	0018-926X, 1558-2221
Online Access:	Get full text
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Abstract	Temporally modulated metamaterials have attracted significant attention recently due to their nonreciprocal and frequency converting properties. Here, a transparent, time-modulated metasurface, which functions as a serrodyne frequency translator, is reported at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">X </tex-math></inline-formula>-band frequencies. With a simple biasing architecture, the metasurface provides electrically tunable transmission phase that covers 360°. A sawtooth waveform is used to modulate the metasurface, allowing Doppler-like frequency translation. Modal analysis of an analogous time-modulated medium is performed to gain insight into the operation of the metasurface-based serrodyne frequency translator. Two such metasurfaces can be cascaded together to achieve magnetless devices that perform either phase or amplitude nonreciprocity.
AbstractList	Temporally modulated metamaterials have attracted significant attention recently due to their nonreciprocal and frequency converting properties. Here, a transparent, time-modulated metasurface, which functions as a serrodyne frequency translator, is reported at [Formula Omitted]-band frequencies. With a simple biasing architecture, the metasurface provides electrically tunable transmission phase that covers 360°. A sawtooth waveform is used to modulate the metasurface, allowing Doppler-like frequency translation. Modal analysis of an analogous time-modulated medium is performed to gain insight into the operation of the metasurface-based serrodyne frequency translator. Two such metasurfaces can be cascaded together to achieve magnetless devices that perform either phase or amplitude nonreciprocity. Temporally modulated metamaterials have attracted significant attention recently due to their nonreciprocal and frequency converting properties. Here, a transparent, time-modulated metasurface, which functions as a serrodyne frequency translator, is reported at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">X </tex-math></inline-formula>-band frequencies. With a simple biasing architecture, the metasurface provides electrically tunable transmission phase that covers 360°. A sawtooth waveform is used to modulate the metasurface, allowing Doppler-like frequency translation. Modal analysis of an analogous time-modulated medium is performed to gain insight into the operation of the metasurface-based serrodyne frequency translator. Two such metasurfaces can be cascaded together to achieve magnetless devices that perform either phase or amplitude nonreciprocity.
Author	Wu, Zhanni Grbic, Anthony
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Zhanni orcidid: 0000-0003-1562-1435 surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Zhanni email: zhanni@umich.edu organization: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Anthony orcidid: 0000-0002-3461-1083 surname: Grbic fullname: Grbic, Anthony email: agrbic@umich.edu organization: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
BookMark	eNp9UMFKAzEQDVLBtnoXvCx43ppkdpPNsRSrQouCW_AW0uysbGmzNdk99O9NbfHgQRh4zPDem5k3IgPXOiTkltEJY1Q9lNO3CadMTbjKQDJ-QYYsz4uUc84GZEgpK1LFxccVGYWwiW1WZNmQTN_R-7Y6OEzmHr96dPaQlN64sDVd07pkFRr3mZTNDtNlW_VxilWyxM6E3tfGYrgml7XZBrw545is5o_l7DldvD69zKaL1HLFujRDoQTkDFFIBrk1a1VIKXlV2QJQUQQEA3VNI4p1XoFgHLi1SGsaHRDG5P7ku_dtvDN0etP23sWVmoPMpFAQa0zEiWV9G4LHWtum-_mk86bZakb1MS4d49LHuPQ5riikf4R73-yMP_wnuTtJGkT8pRdFngEw-AY3eXcl
CODEN	IETPAK
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2024_3368230 crossref_primary_10_1080_09205071_2024_2405674 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41928_022_00857_0 crossref_primary_10_1093_nsr_nwab134 crossref_primary_10_1515_nanoph_2022_0253 crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_559309 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41565_024_01728_9 crossref_primary_10_1002_adom_202201900 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_024_51587_0 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41377_024_01513_2 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2023_3276050 crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0186961 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_022_30297_5 crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0270946 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2024_3392478 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_19_064072 crossref_primary_10_1109_JPHOT_2021_3062801 crossref_primary_10_3390_cryst12111646 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2023_3337646 crossref_primary_10_1515_nanoph_2024_0423 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2022_3177423 crossref_primary_10_1088_2515_7647_acadc1 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2021_3111337 crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2020_3025333 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_025_56209_x crossref_primary_10_1080_17455030_2022_2081376 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2024_3390801 crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2025_3571764 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcp_2022_111528 crossref_primary_10_1109_LMWC_2021_3127316 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2022_3217979 crossref_primary_10_1002_adom_202401353 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevResearch_6_013002 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_14_064060 crossref_primary_10_1109_MAP_2024_3389488 crossref_primary_10_1002_adom_202402444 crossref_primary_10_1002_advs_202404558 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41377_022_00878_6 crossref_primary_10_1109_JPHOT_2021_3122371 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2025_3530689 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSTSP_2023_3322655 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2023_3305187 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_12432_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matpur_2024_05_012 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12081833 crossref_primary_10_1093_nsr_nwad164 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevB_105_195116 crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2022_3229634 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2022_3145480 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ymssp_2025_113346 crossref_primary_10_1002_lpor_202502026 crossref_primary_10_1515_nanoph_2021_0401 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_15_064011 crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0017885 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_17_064048 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2022_3164938 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2023_3320196 crossref_primary_10_1515_nanoph_2020_0202 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3179493 crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2025_3577131 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2025_3551296 crossref_primary_10_3390_photonics11040357 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_21_054027 crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_560454 crossref_primary_10_1002_adma_202007966 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2021_3070084 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2022_3184556 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs17162870 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_64306_y crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2020_2996275 crossref_primary_10_1109_MAP_2022_3169387 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2023_3259526 crossref_primary_10_1002_lpor_201900133 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11082_022_03592_0 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_14_054017 crossref_primary_10_1109_LAWP_2025_3528860 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41377_022_00973_8 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_2015_1_012120 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2025_3541920 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics11193020 crossref_primary_10_1109_MAP_2023_3261601 crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0042567 crossref_primary_10_1002_adom_202301743 crossref_primary_10_1002_adom_202000075 crossref_primary_10_1109_MAP_2022_3201195 crossref_primary_10_1002_adfm_202007620 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2024_3480251 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_08535_z crossref_primary_10_1109_JLT_2022_3150596 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41928_021_00554_4 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_86597_1 crossref_primary_10_1063_1_5135927 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevB_106_094312 crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0132125 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2022_3145445 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optlastec_2023_109163 crossref_primary_10_35848_1347_4065_ac931a crossref_primary_10_1002_advs_202203747 crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0096832 crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0132635
Cites_doi	10.1364/OL.35.003234 10.1109/JSSC.1981.1051606 10.1038/s41566-017-0051-x 10.1109/22.618458 10.1109/75.275584 10.1364/OL.9.000309 10.1109/JLT.2012.2187879 10.1038/ncomms11217 10.1109/TAP.2011.2158948 10.1038/ncomms3407 10.1103/PhysRevX.9.011036 10.1109/TMTT.1965.1126002 10.1038/nphoton.2010.196 10.1063/1.4939915 10.1364/OL.7.000546 10.1109/JRPROC.1961.287739 10.1109/MWSYM.1998.700646 10.1364/OL.35.000745 10.1103/PhysRevB.92.100304 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.047001 10.1103/PhysRevB.96.165144 10.1364/OME.5.002459 10.1364/OE.22.004493 10.1364/OE.17.019235 10.1109/JRPROC.1957.278387 10.1364/AO.31.004911 10.1109/TAP.2013.2256096 10.1093/nsr/nwy135 10.1109/TAP.2015.2496105 10.1038/s41467-018-06802-0 10.1103/PhysRevB.95.075113 10.1063/1.107347 10.1109/TAP.2016.2632735 10.1038/nphys3134 10.1109/TMTT.2014.2347935 10.1109/LAWP.2017.2695008 10.1109/TMTT.1967.1126408 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.063813
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2020
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2020
DBID	97E RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD L7M
DOI	10.1109/TAP.2019.2943712
DatabaseName	IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005-present IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998-Present IEEE Xplore CrossRef Electronics & Communications Abstracts Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Electronics & Communications Abstracts
DatabaseTitleList	Technology Research Database
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: RIE name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Engineering
EISSN	1558-2221
EndPage	1606
ExternalDocumentID	10_1109_TAP_2019_2943712 8854331
Genre	orig-research
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: Air Force Office of Scientific Research grantid: FA9550-18-1-0379 funderid: 10.13039/100000181 – fundername: Air Force Office of Scientific Research grantid: FA9550-15-1-0101 funderid: 10.13039/100000181 – fundername: DSO National Laboratories - Singapore grantid: DSOCO15027 funderid: 10.13039/501100001445
GroupedDBID	-~X 0R~ 29I 4.4 5GY 5VS 6IK 85S 97E AAJGR AARMG AASAJ AAWTH ABAZT ABFSI ABQJQ ABVLG ACGFO ACGFS ACIWK ACKIV ACNCT AENEX AETIX AGQYO AGSQL AHBIQ AI. AIBXA AKJIK AKQYR ALLEH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ASUFR ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ CS3 E.L EBS EJD F5P HZ~ H~9 IAAWW IBMZZ ICLAB IDIHD IFIPE IFJZH IPLJI JAVBF LAI M43 O9- OCL P2P RIA RIE RNS RXW TAE TAF TN5 VH1 VJK VOH AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD L7M
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c291t-4e696351ee67135cab987772ddc83e90e3e3a3ff03e36b5d361232cce0f0c29e3
IEDL.DBID	RIE
ISICitedReferencesCount	144
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000526057300036&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0018-926X
IngestDate	Mon Jun 30 10:14:02 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 05:23:05 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 20:55:37 EST 2025 Wed Aug 27 06:21:34 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	3
Language	English
License	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c291t-4e696351ee67135cab987772ddc83e90e3e3a3ff03e36b5d361232cce0f0c29e3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14
ORCID	0000-0003-1562-1435 0000-0002-3461-1083
PQID	2374769369
PQPubID	85476
PageCount	8
ParticipantIDs	crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TAP_2019_2943712 proquest_journals_2374769369 ieee_primary_8854331 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2019_2943712
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2020-03-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2020-03-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 03 year: 2020 text: 2020-03-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	New York
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: New York
PublicationTitle	IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation
PublicationTitleAbbrev	TAP
PublicationYear	2020
Publisher	IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml	– name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References	ref35 ref13 ref34 ref12 ref15 ref14 ref31 ref30 ref33 ref11 ref32 ref10 ref2 ref1 ref39 ref17 ref38 ref16 ref19 ref18 pozar (ref36) 2009 ref24 ref23 ref26 ref25 ref20 ref22 ref21 ref28 ref27 ref29 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 (ref37) 2019 ref5 ref40
References_xml	– ident: ref16 doi: 10.1364/OL.35.003234 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/JSSC.1981.1051606 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1038/s41566-017-0051-x – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1109/22.618458 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/75.275584 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1364/OL.9.000309 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1109/JLT.2012.2187879 – year: 2019 ident: ref37 publication-title: Solderable GaAs Constant Gamma Flip-Chip Varactor Diode MAVR-000120-1411 – ident: ref40 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11217 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.1109/TAP.2011.2158948 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1038/ncomms3407 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.9.011036 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/TMTT.1965.1126002 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.196 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1063/1.4939915 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1364/OL.7.000546 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1109/JRPROC.1961.287739 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/MWSYM.1998.700646 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1364/OL.35.000745 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.92.100304 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.047001 – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.96.165144 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1364/OME.5.002459 – ident: ref39 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.004493 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1364/OE.17.019235 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1109/JRPROC.1957.278387 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1364/AO.31.004911 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1109/TAP.2013.2256096 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwy135 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2496105 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06802-0 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.95.075113 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1063/1.107347 – year: 2009 ident: ref36 publication-title: Microwave Engineering – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1109/TAP.2016.2632735 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1038/nphys3134 – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2014.2347935 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2017.2695008 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1109/TMTT.1967.1126408 – ident: ref34 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.063813
SSID	ssj0014844
Score	2.648488
Snippet	Temporally modulated metamaterials have attracted significant attention recently due to their nonreciprocal and frequency converting properties. Here, a...
SourceID	proquest crossref ieee
SourceType	Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher
StartPage	1599
SubjectTerms	Frequency analysis Frequency conversion Frequency modulation Frequency translation Harmonic analysis Metamaterials Metasurfaces Modal analysis Phase shifters Refractive index Sawtooth waveforms Time-frequency analysis time-modulated metasurfaces
Title	Serrodyne Frequency Translation Using Time-Modulated Metasurfaces
URI	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8854331 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2374769369
Volume	68
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000526057300036&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVIEE databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) customDbUrl: eissn: 1558-2221 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0014844 issn: 0018-926X databaseCode: RIE dateStart: 19630101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ providerName: IEEE
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3PS8MwFA7b8KAHf01xOqUHL4LZ0qRLk-MQhwc3dpiwW2mTFxCkk64T9t-bpF1RFMFTe0hKeS_vvSTve-9D6DbTmkDIDCaaCxxxDlhwprGRygABkcrMs5Y8x7OZWC7lvIXum1oYAPDgMxi4V5_L1yu1cVdlQyFGrsCnjdpxzKtarSZjEImo6rgcWgOmfLlLSRI5XIznDsMlB1RGLA7ptxDkOVV-OGIfXSZH__uvY3RY7yKDcaX2E9SC_BQdfOkt2LX-EgrrHLc5BJOiwktvAx-ZKvRb4MECgSsBwdOVdixeoIMplO7O0Dig1hl6mTwuHp5wzZeAFZVhiSPg1pxGIQB3xHsqzaTr9ke1VoKBJMCApcwYYp88G2nmWq9QpYAYYr8A7Bx18lUOFyiwGspYLJTIFESxMGkcKcXCMDXCbjlE2kPDnQgTVTcTd5wWb4k_VBCZWKEnTuhJLfQeumtmvFeNNP4Y23VCbsbV8u2h_k5LSW1p64QyeyDijpbw8vdZV2ifujOyx431UacsNnCN9tRH-boubvwi-gSPIMTU
linkProvider	IEEE
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LSwMxEB58gXrwLdbnHrwIrs0maTY5FrEotqWHCr0tu8kEBGmlD6H_3iS7LYoieNo9JMsyk5lJMt_MB3BdGEMwYTYmRsiYC4GxFMzEVmmLBGWuisBa0k67XTkYqN4K3C5rYRAxgM_wzr-GXL4Z6Zm_KqtL2fAFPquw3uCckrJaa5kz4JKXPZcTZ8JUDBZJSaLq_WbPo7jUHVWcpQn9FoQCq8oPVxziS2v3f3-2BzvVPjJqlorfhxUcHsD2l-6Ch85j4ti5x_kQo9a4REzPoxCbSvxbFOACkS8CiTsj43m80EQdnPpbQ-uhWkfw0nro3z_GFWNCrKlKpjFH4QyqkSAKT72n80L5fn_UGC0ZKoIMWc6sJe4pioZhvvkK1RqJJe4LyI5hbTga4glETkcFS6WWhUaeSpunXGuWJLmVbtMh8xrUFyLMdNVO3LNavGXhWEFU5oSeeaFnldBrcLOc8V620vhj7KEX8nJcJd8anC-0lFW2Nskoc0ci4YkJT3-fdQWbj_1OO2s_dZ_PYIv6E3NAkZ3D2nQ8wwvY0B_T18n4MiyoT_hxyBs
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Serrodyne+Frequency+Translation+Using+Time-Modulated+Metasurfaces&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+antennas+and+propagation&rft.au=Wu%2C+Zhanni&rft.au=Grbic%2C+Anthony&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.issn=0018-926X&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=1599&rft.epage=1606&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTAP.2019.2943712&rft.externalDocID=8854331
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0018-926X&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0018-926X&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0018-926X&client=summon