Cluster-CAM: Cluster-weighted visual interpretation of CNNs’ decision in image classification

Despite the tremendous success of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in computer vision, the mechanism of CNNs still lacks clear interpretation. Currently, class activation mapping (CAM), a famous visualization technique to interpret CNN’s decision, has drawn increasing attention. Gradient-based C...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Neural networks Vol. 178; p. 106473
Main Authors: Feng, Zhenpeng, Ji, Hongbing, Daković, Miloš, Cui, Xiyang, Zhu, Mingzhe, Stanković, Ljubiša
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Elsevier Ltd 01.10.2024
Subjects:
Class activation mapping
Clustering algorithm
Explainable artificial intelligence
Image classification
Explainable artificial intelligence
Clustering algorithm
Class activation mapping
Image classification
ISSN:0893-6080, 1879-2782, 1879-2782
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Despite the tremendous success of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in computer vision, the mechanism of CNNs still lacks clear interpretation. Currently, class activation mapping (CAM), a famous visualization technique to interpret CNN’s decision, has drawn increasing attention. Gradient-based CAMs are efficient, while the performance is heavily affected by gradient vanishing and exploding. In contrast, gradient-free CAMs can avoid computing gradients to produce more understandable results. However, they are quite time-consuming because hundreds of forward interference per image are required. In this paper, we proposed Cluster-CAM, an effective and efficient gradient-free CNN interpretation algorithm. Cluster-CAM can significantly reduce the times of forward propagation by splitting the feature maps into clusters. Furthermore, we propose an artful strategy to forge a cognition-base map and cognition-scissors from clustered feature maps. The final salience heatmap will be produced by merging the above cognition maps. Qualitative results conspicuously show that Cluster-CAM can produce heatmaps where the highlighted regions match the human’s cognition more precisely than existing CAMs. The quantitative evaluation further demonstrates the superiority of Cluster-CAM in both effectiveness and efficiency.
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ISSN:0893-6080
1879-2782
1879-2782
DOI:10.1016/j.neunet.2024.106473