Changing citizenship norms among adolescents, 1999-2009-2016: A two-step latent class approach with measurement equivalence testing

The evolution of citizenship norms is considered a driving force behind changing political processes in contemporary democracies. Competing expectations have emerged on this topic: a ‘citizen engagement’ argument anticipates an increase in norms that emphasize engaged and expressive values, while a...

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Published in:	Quality & quantity Vol. 57; no. 5; pp. 4915 - 4933
Main Authors:	Oser, Jennifer, Hooghe, Marc, Bakk, Zsuzsa, Di Mari, Roberto
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.10.2023 Springer Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Adolescents Analysis Applied research Citizen participation Citizens Citizenship Data quality Debates Democracy Expectations Global trends Individual differences Innovations Latent class analysis Measurement Methodology of the Social Sciences Norms Scores Social aspects Social Sciences Teenagers Youth Latent class analysis, two-step estimators, measurement equivalence Value change Duty-based citizenship International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) Citizenship norms International Association for the evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) Engaged citizenship
ISSN:	0033-5177, 1573-7845
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Abstract	The evolution of citizenship norms is considered a driving force behind changing political processes in contemporary democracies. Competing expectations have emerged on this topic: a ‘citizen engagement’ argument anticipates an increase in norms that emphasize engaged and expressive values, while a ‘democratic erosion’ argument expects an increase in traditional and even authoritarian values. With a theoretical focus on individual-level citizenship norms, we analyze uniquely high-quality cross-national data on adolescents in 14 diverse countries in 1999, 2009 and 2016. We integrate recently developed innovations in latent class analysis that have not yet been implemented in applied research by using a two-step estimator for multilevel latent class models with measurement equivalence testing. The findings confirm expectations of the existence of both ‘engaged’ and ‘duty-based’ citizenship norms, but the stability in the prevalence of these norms contrasts expectations in the literature. The findings also identify additional normative types that do change in prevalence over time—namely, decreased prevalence of a ‘mainstream’ norm that parallels mean societal scores, along with increased prevalence of both a ‘maximalist’ high-scoring group and a ‘subject’ low-scoring group. The results regarding over-time change provide partial support for both the citizen engagement and democratic erosion arguments, and highlight the importance of robust measurement of these concepts to contribute to the debate of evolving global trends in citizenship norms. We conclude by discussing how the multilevel latent class modeling approach used in this article can be applied to related topics to better understand changing relationships between citizens and democratic systems.
AbstractList	The evolution of citizenship norms is considered a driving force behind changing political processes in contemporary democracies. Competing expectations have emerged on this topic: a ‘citizen engagement’ argument anticipates an increase in norms that emphasize engaged and expressive values, while a ‘democratic erosion’ argument expects an increase in traditional and even authoritarian values. With a theoretical focus on individual-level citizenship norms, we analyze uniquely high-quality cross-national data on adolescents in 14 diverse countries in 1999, 2009 and 2016. We integrate recently developed innovations in latent class analysis that have not yet been implemented in applied research by using a two-step estimator for multilevel latent class models with measurement equivalence testing. The findings confirm expectations of the existence of both ‘engaged’ and ‘duty-based’ citizenship norms, but the stability in the prevalence of these norms contrasts expectations in the literature. The findings also identify additional normative types that do change in prevalence over time—namely, decreased prevalence of a ‘mainstream’ norm that parallels mean societal scores, along with increased prevalence of both a ‘maximalist’ high-scoring group and a ‘subject’ low-scoring group. The results regarding over-time change provide partial support for both the citizen engagement and democratic erosion arguments, and highlight the importance of robust measurement of these concepts to contribute to the debate of evolving global trends in citizenship norms. We conclude by discussing how the multilevel latent class modeling approach used in this article can be applied to related topics to better understand changing relationships between citizens and democratic systems.
Audience	Academic
Author	Hooghe, Marc Oser, Jennifer Bakk, Zsuzsa Di Mari, Roberto
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jennifer orcidid: 0000-0002-1531-4606 surname: Oser fullname: Oser, Jennifer email: oser@post.bgu.ac.il organization: Department of Politics and Government, Ben-Gurion University – sequence: 2 givenname: Marc surname: Hooghe fullname: Hooghe, Marc organization: Centre for Political Science, University of Leuven – sequence: 3 givenname: Zsuzsa surname: Bakk fullname: Bakk, Zsuzsa organization: Department of Methodology and Statistics, Leiden University – sequence: 4 givenname: Roberto surname: Di Mari fullname: Di Mari, Roberto organization: Department of Economics and Business, University of Catania
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Keywords	Latent class analysis, two-step estimators, measurement equivalence Value change Duty-based citizenship International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) Citizenship norms International Association for the evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) Engaged citizenship
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SubjectTerms	Adolescents Analysis Applied research Citizen participation Citizens Citizenship Data quality Debates Democracy Expectations Global trends Individual differences Innovations Latent class analysis Measurement Methodology of the Social Sciences Norms Scores Social aspects Social Sciences Teenagers Youth
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Title	Changing citizenship norms among adolescents, 1999-2009-2016: A two-step latent class approach with measurement equivalence testing
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