Mesostructured zeolite ZSM-5 directed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) at low temperature for producing high aromatic green gasoline from palm oil

ZSM-5 has become the primary catalyst for converting palm oil into green gasoline. However, the small intrinsic micropore of ZSM-5 creates a diffusion issue, especially for the bulky molecule of palm oil, which decreases the conversion. Introducing additional mesopores to ZSM-5, forming a hierarchic...

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Vydané v:	Journal of porous materials Ročník 32; číslo 5; s. 2015 - 2025
Hlavní autori:	Nanda, Arxhel S. F., Maghfirah, Ainul, Khalil, Munawar, Rasrendra, Carolus B., Fahma, Farah, Kadja, Grandprix T. M.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	New York Springer US 01.10.2025 Springer Nature B.V
Predmet:	Biodiesel fuels Biofuels Catalysis Catalytic cracking Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Crystallization Fixed bed reactors Gasoline Hydrocarbons Low temperature Palm oil Physical Chemistry Polyethylene glycol Vegetable oils Zeolites Indonesia Palm oil conversion Green gasoline Hierarchical zeolites ZSM-5 Catalytic cracking
ISSN:	1380-2224, 1573-4854
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Abstract	ZSM-5 has become the primary catalyst for converting palm oil into green gasoline. However, the small intrinsic micropore of ZSM-5 creates a diffusion issue, especially for the bulky molecule of palm oil, which decreases the conversion. Introducing additional mesopores to ZSM-5, forming a hierarchical zeolite, could resolve this issue. This work presents the formation of a hierarchical ZSM-5 assisted by polyethylene glycol (PEG) at low temperatures. The TEM images and N 2 adsorption isotherms confirmed the formation of interconnected mesopores in the ZSM-5 framework. We found that the molecular weight of PEG (PEG-400, PEG-4000, and PEG-5800) firmly controlled the textural properties and catalytic performance of palm oil conversion into green gasoline. Among the PEG types, PEG-4000 significantly increased the S BET and S ext to 400 and 198 m 2 /g, respectively. PEG-4000 also increased the hierarchy factor index by about two times that of commercial ZSM-5 and ZSM-5 prepared without PEG. Despite the lower acidity, the prepared hierarchical ZSM-5 exhibited higher gasoline yields than the commercial one, with a remarkable selectivity toward aromatic gasoline. Accordingly, the prepared hierarchical ZSM-5 improved the quality of the gasoline by increasing the RON values to 110–119, higher than the commercial zeolite (RON: 102).
AbstractList	ZSM-5 has become the primary catalyst for converting palm oil into green gasoline. However, the small intrinsic micropore of ZSM-5 creates a diffusion issue, especially for the bulky molecule of palm oil, which decreases the conversion. Introducing additional mesopores to ZSM-5, forming a hierarchical zeolite, could resolve this issue. This work presents the formation of a hierarchical ZSM-5 assisted by polyethylene glycol (PEG) at low temperatures. The TEM images and N2 adsorption isotherms confirmed the formation of interconnected mesopores in the ZSM-5 framework. We found that the molecular weight of PEG (PEG-400, PEG-4000, and PEG-5800) firmly controlled the textural properties and catalytic performance of palm oil conversion into green gasoline. Among the PEG types, PEG-4000 significantly increased the SBET and Sext to 400 and 198 m2/g, respectively. PEG-4000 also increased the hierarchy factor index by about two times that of commercial ZSM-5 and ZSM-5 prepared without PEG. Despite the lower acidity, the prepared hierarchical ZSM-5 exhibited higher gasoline yields than the commercial one, with a remarkable selectivity toward aromatic gasoline. Accordingly, the prepared hierarchical ZSM-5 improved the quality of the gasoline by increasing the RON values to 110–119, higher than the commercial zeolite (RON: 102). ZSM-5 has become the primary catalyst for converting palm oil into green gasoline. However, the small intrinsic micropore of ZSM-5 creates a diffusion issue, especially for the bulky molecule of palm oil, which decreases the conversion. Introducing additional mesopores to ZSM-5, forming a hierarchical zeolite, could resolve this issue. This work presents the formation of a hierarchical ZSM-5 assisted by polyethylene glycol (PEG) at low temperatures. The TEM images and N 2 adsorption isotherms confirmed the formation of interconnected mesopores in the ZSM-5 framework. We found that the molecular weight of PEG (PEG-400, PEG-4000, and PEG-5800) firmly controlled the textural properties and catalytic performance of palm oil conversion into green gasoline. Among the PEG types, PEG-4000 significantly increased the S BET and S ext to 400 and 198 m 2 /g, respectively. PEG-4000 also increased the hierarchy factor index by about two times that of commercial ZSM-5 and ZSM-5 prepared without PEG. Despite the lower acidity, the prepared hierarchical ZSM-5 exhibited higher gasoline yields than the commercial one, with a remarkable selectivity toward aromatic gasoline. Accordingly, the prepared hierarchical ZSM-5 improved the quality of the gasoline by increasing the RON values to 110–119, higher than the commercial zeolite (RON: 102).
Author	Nanda, Arxhel S. F. Fahma, Farah Khalil, Munawar Maghfirah, Ainul Kadja, Grandprix T. M. Rasrendra, Carolus B.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Arxhel S. F. surname: Nanda fullname: Nanda, Arxhel S. F. organization: Division of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung – sequence: 2 givenname: Ainul surname: Maghfirah fullname: Maghfirah, Ainul organization: Division of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Center for Catalysis and Reaction Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung – sequence: 3 givenname: Munawar surname: Khalil fullname: Khalil, Munawar organization: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia – sequence: 4 givenname: Carolus B. surname: Rasrendra fullname: Rasrendra, Carolus B. organization: Center for Catalysis and Reaction Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung – sequence: 5 givenname: Farah surname: Fahma fullname: Fahma, Farah organization: Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, IPB University – sequence: 6 givenname: Grandprix T. M. surname: Kadja fullname: Kadja, Grandprix T. M. email: grandprix.thomryes@itb.ac.id organization: Division of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Center for Catalysis and Reaction Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung
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SubjectTerms	Biodiesel fuels Biofuels Catalysis Catalytic cracking Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Crystallization Fixed bed reactors Gasoline Hydrocarbons Low temperature Palm oil Physical Chemistry Polyethylene glycol Vegetable oils Zeolites
Title	Mesostructured zeolite ZSM-5 directed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) at low temperature for producing high aromatic green gasoline from palm oil
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