Chitosan Complexes with Gallic Acid Obtained in the Solid State

In this paper, we describe mechanochemical approach as an environmentally friendly method for the functionalization of chitosan with gallic acid. Coupling with a polysaccharide is one way to stabilize antioxidants and improve their bioavailability. Since gallic acid is a solid compound with limited...

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Vydáno v:	Applied biochemistry and microbiology Ročník 61; číslo 6; s. 1216 - 1226
Hlavní autoři:	Akopova, T. A., Ivanov, P. L., Svidchenko, E. A., Kurkin, T. S., Popyrina, T. N., Svischeva, N. B., Zakharevich, A. A., Malyk, B. V., Khavpachev, M. A.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Moscow Pleiades Publishing 01.10.2025 Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Acids Antibacterial activity Aqueous solutions Bacteria Bioavailability Biochemistry Biological activity Biomedical and Life Sciences Chitosan Composition Ethanol Free radicals Gallic acid Gram-positive bacteria Life Sciences Medical Microbiology Melting point Melting points Microbiology Microorganisms Molecular weight Nanoparticles NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Polysaccharides Shear deformation Solid state Sprays Synthesis Twin screw extruders Viscosity Germany Russia chitosan solvent-free reactive extrusion gallic acid structure and properties, antibacterial activity
ISSN:	0003-6838, 1608-3024
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Abstract	In this paper, we describe mechanochemical approach as an environmentally friendly method for the functionalization of chitosan with gallic acid. Coupling with a polysaccharide is one way to stabilize antioxidants and improve their bioavailability. Since gallic acid is a solid compound with limited solubility and a high melting point (220–240°C), it was of interest to conduct its interaction with chitosan using solid-state synthesis technique under shear deformations. The experimental conditions were selected using a pilot twin-screw extruder designed for processing solid dispersions. DSC and WAXD data were used for study of response of the system to shear deformation. The insertion of gallate groups onto the polymeric backbones was confirmed by 1 H NMR, FTIR and UV–vis analyses. It was found that gallate groups are predominantly linked to chitosan via salt bonds. Depending on the synthesis conditions, the amount of bound gallic acid was more than 600 mg per 1 g of chitosan. In contrast to the physical mixing of components, the resulting products swelled well and partially dissolved in water, and tended to form aggregates with an average size of 206 ± 36 µm in aqueous media. It was shown that the obtained compositions have moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria ( Bacillus subtilis ). The proposed approach is promising for the creation of biologically active solid compositions capable of being processed into final products due to ultradispersion and gelation in water with the possibility of use in the form of hydrogels, sprays, and sponge materials.
AbstractList	In this paper, we describe mechanochemical approach as an environmentally friendly method for the functionalization of chitosan with gallic acid. Coupling with a polysaccharide is one way to stabilize antioxidants and improve their bioavailability. Since gallic acid is a solid compound with limited solubility and a high melting point (220–240°C), it was of interest to conduct its interaction with chitosan using solid-state synthesis technique under shear deformations. The experimental conditions were selected using a pilot twin-screw extruder designed for processing solid dispersions. DSC and WAXD data were used for study of response of the system to shear deformation. The insertion of gallate groups onto the polymeric backbones was confirmed by 1 H NMR, FTIR and UV–vis analyses. It was found that gallate groups are predominantly linked to chitosan via salt bonds. Depending on the synthesis conditions, the amount of bound gallic acid was more than 600 mg per 1 g of chitosan. In contrast to the physical mixing of components, the resulting products swelled well and partially dissolved in water, and tended to form aggregates with an average size of 206 ± 36 µm in aqueous media. It was shown that the obtained compositions have moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria ( Bacillus subtilis ). The proposed approach is promising for the creation of biologically active solid compositions capable of being processed into final products due to ultradispersion and gelation in water with the possibility of use in the form of hydrogels, sprays, and sponge materials. In this paper, we describe mechanochemical approach as an environmentally friendly method for the functionalization of chitosan with gallic acid. Coupling with a polysaccharide is one way to stabilize antioxidants and improve their bioavailability. Since gallic acid is a solid compound with limited solubility and a high melting point (220–240°C), it was of interest to conduct its interaction with chitosan using solid-state synthesis technique under shear deformations. The experimental conditions were selected using a pilot twin-screw extruder designed for processing solid dispersions. DSC and WAXD data were used for study of response of the system to shear deformation. The insertion of gallate groups onto the polymeric backbones was confirmed by 1H NMR, FTIR and UV–vis analyses. It was found that gallate groups are predominantly linked to chitosan via salt bonds. Depending on the synthesis conditions, the amount of bound gallic acid was more than 600 mg per 1 g of chitosan. In contrast to the physical mixing of components, the resulting products swelled well and partially dissolved in water, and tended to form aggregates with an average size of 206 ± 36 µm in aqueous media. It was shown that the obtained compositions have moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis). The proposed approach is promising for the creation of biologically active solid compositions capable of being processed into final products due to ultradispersion and gelation in water with the possibility of use in the form of hydrogels, sprays, and sponge materials.
Author	Akopova, T. A. Malyk, B. V. Kurkin, T. S. Khavpachev, M. A. Popyrina, T. N. Ivanov, P. L. Svischeva, N. B. Svidchenko, E. A. Zakharevich, A. A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: T. A. surname: Akopova fullname: Akopova, T. A. email: akopova@ispm.ru organization: Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences – sequence: 2 givenname: P. L. surname: Ivanov fullname: Ivanov, P. L. organization: Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences – sequence: 3 givenname: E. A. surname: Svidchenko fullname: Svidchenko, E. A. organization: Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences – sequence: 4 givenname: T. S. surname: Kurkin fullname: Kurkin, T. S. organization: Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences – sequence: 5 givenname: T. N. surname: Popyrina fullname: Popyrina, T. N. organization: Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences – sequence: 6 givenname: N. B. surname: Svischeva fullname: Svischeva, N. B. organization: Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences – sequence: 7 givenname: A. A. surname: Zakharevich fullname: Zakharevich, A. A. organization: National Research Center Kurchatov Institute – sequence: 8 givenname: B. V. surname: Malyk fullname: Malyk, B. V. organization: Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences – sequence: 9 givenname: M. A. surname: Khavpachev fullname: Khavpachev, M. A. organization: Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences
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Cites_doi	10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.015 10.1016/S0141-8130(02)00039-9 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.019 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.032 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19981031)70:5<927::AID-APP13>3.0.CO;2-Q 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.042 10.1134/S0018143920040141 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.082 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02255 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.153 10.1134/S0003683818050125 10.1002/actp.1985.010360805 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110974 10.2174/1389557518666180330114010 10.3390/molecules28031186 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.072 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.098 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.08.002 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.11.037 10.1021/jf503207s 10.3390/molecules22111976 10.1134/S1560090421050109 10.3390/polysaccharides3040049 10.1023/A:1011316227193 10.1039/D0GC00901F 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.002 10.1134/S0006297920140084 10.1002/jbm.b.33603 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100401 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109984 10.3390/gels8020124 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105486 10.1039/C6GC03413F 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00713-8 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127605 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.072
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SubjectTerms	Acids Antibacterial activity Aqueous solutions Bacteria Bioavailability Biochemistry Biological activity Biomedical and Life Sciences Chitosan Composition Ethanol Free radicals Gallic acid Gram-positive bacteria Life Sciences Medical Microbiology Melting point Melting points Microbiology Microorganisms Molecular weight Nanoparticles NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Polysaccharides Shear deformation Solid state Sprays Synthesis Twin screw extruders Viscosity
Title	Chitosan Complexes with Gallic Acid Obtained in the Solid State
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