On the Localized Extreme Rainfall over the Great Bay Area in South China with Complex Topography and Strong UHI Effects
In this study, high-resolution surface and radar observations are used to analyze 24 localized extreme hourly rainfall (EXHR; >60 mm h −1 ) events with strong urban heat island (UHI) effects over the Great Bay Area (GBA) in South China during the 2011–16 warm seasons. Quasi-idealized, convection-...
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| Vydáno v: | Monthly weather review Ročník 149; číslo 8; s. 2777 - 2801 |
|---|---|
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Washington
American Meteorological Society
01.08.2021
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| ISSN: | 0027-0644, 1520-0493 |
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| Abstract | In this study, high-resolution surface and radar observations are used to analyze 24 localized extreme hourly rainfall (EXHR; >60 mm h
−1
) events with strong urban heat island (UHI) effects over the Great Bay Area (GBA) in South China during the 2011–16 warm seasons. Quasi-idealized, convection-permitting ensemble simulations driven by diurnally varying lateral boundary conditions, which are extracted from the composite global analysis of 3–5 June 2013, are then conducted with a multilayer urban canopy model to unravel the influences of the UHI and various surface properties nearby on the EXHR generation in a complex geographical environment with sea–land contrast, topography, and vegetation variation. Results show that EXHR is mostly distributed over the urban agglomeration and within about 40 km on its downwind side, and produced during the afternoon-to-evening hours by short-lived meso-
γ
- to meso-
β
-scale storms. On the EXHR days, the GBA is featured by a weak gradient environment with abundant moisture, and a weak southwesterly flow prevailing in the boundary layer (BL). The UHI effects lead to the development of a deep mixed layer with “warm bubbles” over the urban agglomeration, in which the lower-BL convergence and BL-top divergence is developed, assisting in convective initiation. Such urban BL processes and associated convective development with moisture supply by the synoptic low-level southwesterly flow are enhanced by orographically increased horizontal winds and sea breezes under the influence of the herringbone coastline, thereby increasing the inhomogeneity and intensity of rainfall production over the “Π-shaped” urban clusters. Vegetation variations are not found to be an important factor in determining the EXHR production over the region. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | In this study, high-resolution surface and radar observations are used to analyze 24 localized extreme hourly rainfall (EXHR; >60 mm h−1) events with strong urban heat island (UHI) effects over the Great Bay Area (GBA) in South China during the 2011–16 warm seasons. Quasi-idealized, convection-permitting ensemble simulations driven by diurnally varying lateral boundary conditions, which are extracted from the composite global analysis of 3–5 June 2013, are then conducted with a multilayer urban canopy model to unravel the influences of the UHI and various surface properties nearby on the EXHR generation in a complex geographical environment with sea–land contrast, topography, and vegetation variation. Results show that EXHR is mostly distributed over the urban agglomeration and within about 40 km on its downwind side, and produced during the afternoon-to-evening hours by short-lived meso-γ- to meso-β-scale storms. On the EXHR days, the GBA is featured by a weak gradient environment with abundant moisture, and a weak southwesterly flow prevailing in the boundary layer (BL). The UHI effects lead to the development of a deep mixed layer with “warm bubbles” over the urban agglomeration, in which the lower-BL convergence and BL-top divergence is developed, assisting in convective initiation. Such urban BL processes and associated convective development with moisture supply by the synoptic low-level southwesterly flow are enhanced by orographically increased horizontal winds and sea breezes under the influence of the herringbone coastline, thereby increasing the inhomogeneity and intensity of rainfall production over the “Π-shaped” urban clusters. Vegetation variations are not found to be an important factor in determining the EXHR production over the region. In this study, high-resolution surface and radar observations are used to analyze 24 localized extreme hourly rainfall (EXHR; >60 mm h −1 ) events with strong urban heat island (UHI) effects over the Great Bay Area (GBA) in South China during the 2011–16 warm seasons. Quasi-idealized, convection-permitting ensemble simulations driven by diurnally varying lateral boundary conditions, which are extracted from the composite global analysis of 3–5 June 2013, are then conducted with a multilayer urban canopy model to unravel the influences of the UHI and various surface properties nearby on the EXHR generation in a complex geographical environment with sea–land contrast, topography, and vegetation variation. Results show that EXHR is mostly distributed over the urban agglomeration and within about 40 km on its downwind side, and produced during the afternoon-to-evening hours by short-lived meso- γ - to meso- β -scale storms. On the EXHR days, the GBA is featured by a weak gradient environment with abundant moisture, and a weak southwesterly flow prevailing in the boundary layer (BL). The UHI effects lead to the development of a deep mixed layer with “warm bubbles” over the urban agglomeration, in which the lower-BL convergence and BL-top divergence is developed, assisting in convective initiation. Such urban BL processes and associated convective development with moisture supply by the synoptic low-level southwesterly flow are enhanced by orographically increased horizontal winds and sea breezes under the influence of the herringbone coastline, thereby increasing the inhomogeneity and intensity of rainfall production over the “Π-shaped” urban clusters. Vegetation variations are not found to be an important factor in determining the EXHR production over the region. |
| Author | Sun, Xiaoyan Wu, Mengwen Huang, Ling Zhang, Da-Lin Gao, Xiaoyu Xu, Haiming Luo, Yali Li, Mingxin |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xiaoyan surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Xiaoyan organization: a Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, b State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Yali surname: Luo fullname: Luo, Yali organization: a Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, b State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Xiaoyu surname: Gao fullname: Gao, Xiaoyu organization: c Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Mengwen surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Mengwen organization: d Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Zhejiang Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Mingxin surname: Li fullname: Li, Mingxin organization: b State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Ling surname: Huang fullname: Huang, Ling organization: e Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China – sequence: 7 givenname: Da-Lin surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Da-Lin organization: f Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland – sequence: 8 givenname: Haiming surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Haiming organization: a Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China |
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| Snippet | In this study, high-resolution surface and radar observations are used to analyze 24 localized extreme hourly rainfall (EXHR; >60 mm h
−1
) events with strong... In this study, high-resolution surface and radar observations are used to analyze 24 localized extreme hourly rainfall (EXHR; >60 mm h−1) events with strong... |
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| Title | On the Localized Extreme Rainfall over the Great Bay Area in South China with Complex Topography and Strong UHI Effects |
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