Operational Semantics of Annotated Reflex Programs

— Reflex is a process-oriented language for developing easy-to-maintain control software for programmable logic controllers. The language has been successfully used in several safety-critical control systems, e.g., in control systems of a silicon single crystal growing furnace and electronic equipme...

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Vydáno v:	Automatic control and computer sciences Ročník 54; číslo 7; s. 719 - 727
Hlavní autor:	Anureev, I. S.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Moscow Pleiades Publishing 01.12.2020 Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Annotations Clocks Computer Science Control equipment Control Structures and Microprogramming Control systems Crystal growth Electronic equipment Formal specifications Hand driers Language Programmable logic controllers Safety critical Semantics Single crystals Software Software reliability Verification annotation programmable logic controller control software operational semantics annotated program Reflex language control system
ISSN:	0146-4116, 1558-108X
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Abstract	— Reflex is a process-oriented language for developing easy-to-maintain control software for programmable logic controllers. The language has been successfully used in several safety-critical control systems, e.g., in control systems of a silicon single crystal growing furnace and electronic equipment. Currently, the main goal of the Reflex language project is to develop formal verification methods for Reflex programs in order to guarantee increased reliability of the software created on its basis. The paper presents formal operational semantics of Reflex programs extended with annotations describing the formal specification of software requirements as a necessary basis for the application of such methods. A brief review of the Reflex language is given, and a simple example of its use, a control program for a hand dryer, is provided. The concepts of environment and variables shared with the environment are defined, which make it possible to abstract from specific input/output ports. Types of annotations that specify constraints on the values of the variables at program start, constraints on the environment (in particular, on the control object), control cycle invariants, and pre- and postconditions of external functions used in Reflex programs are defined. Annotated Reflex also uses standard annotations assume, assert, and havoc. The operational semantics of annotated Reflex programs uses the global clock and the local clocks of individual processes, the time of which is measured in the number of control cycle iterations, to simulate time constraints on process execution in certain states. It stores a complete history of changes in the values of the shared variables for a more complete description of time properties of the program and its environment. Semantics takes into account the infinity of the program execution cycle, the logic of controlling transitions of processes from state to state and the interaction of processes with each other and with the environment. Extending the formal operational semantics of the Reflex language to annotations simplifies the proof of the correctness of the transformation approach to deductive verification of Reflex programs developed by the authors that transforms an annotated Reflex program to an annotated program on a very limited subset of the C language by reducing a complex proof of preserving the truth of requirements for the program when transforming to a simpler proof of equivalence of the original and resulting annotated programs with respect to their operational semantics.
AbstractList	— Reflex is a process-oriented language for developing easy-to-maintain control software for programmable logic controllers. The language has been successfully used in several safety-critical control systems, e.g., in control systems of a silicon single crystal growing furnace and electronic equipment. Currently, the main goal of the Reflex language project is to develop formal verification methods for Reflex programs in order to guarantee increased reliability of the software created on its basis. The paper presents formal operational semantics of Reflex programs extended with annotations describing the formal specification of software requirements as a necessary basis for the application of such methods. A brief review of the Reflex language is given, and a simple example of its use, a control program for a hand dryer, is provided. The concepts of environment and variables shared with the environment are defined, which make it possible to abstract from specific input/output ports. Types of annotations that specify constraints on the values of the variables at program start, constraints on the environment (in particular, on the control object), control cycle invariants, and pre- and postconditions of external functions used in Reflex programs are defined. Annotated Reflex also uses standard annotations assume, assert, and havoc. The operational semantics of annotated Reflex programs uses the global clock and the local clocks of individual processes, the time of which is measured in the number of control cycle iterations, to simulate time constraints on process execution in certain states. It stores a complete history of changes in the values of the shared variables for a more complete description of time properties of the program and its environment. Semantics takes into account the infinity of the program execution cycle, the logic of controlling transitions of processes from state to state and the interaction of processes with each other and with the environment. Extending the formal operational semantics of the Reflex language to annotations simplifies the proof of the correctness of the transformation approach to deductive verification of Reflex programs developed by the authors that transforms an annotated Reflex program to an annotated program on a very limited subset of the C language by reducing a complex proof of preserving the truth of requirements for the program when transforming to a simpler proof of equivalence of the original and resulting annotated programs with respect to their operational semantics. Abstract—Reflex is a process-oriented language for developing easy-to-maintain control software for programmable logic controllers. The language has been successfully used in several safety-critical control systems, e.g., in control systems of a silicon single crystal growing furnace and electronic equipment. Currently, the main goal of the Reflex language project is to develop formal verification methods for Reflex programs in order to guarantee increased reliability of the software created on its basis. The paper presents formal operational semantics of Reflex programs extended with annotations describing the formal specification of software requirements as a necessary basis for the application of such methods. A brief review of the Reflex language is given, and a simple example of its use, a control program for a hand dryer, is provided. The concepts of environment and variables shared with the environment are defined, which make it possible to abstract from specific input/output ports. Types of annotations that specify constraints on the values of the variables at program start, constraints on the environment (in particular, on the control object), control cycle invariants, and pre- and postconditions of external functions used in Reflex programs are defined. Annotated Reflex also uses standard annotations assume, assert, and havoc. The operational semantics of annotated Reflex programs uses the global clock and the local clocks of individual processes, the time of which is measured in the number of control cycle iterations, to simulate time constraints on process execution in certain states. It stores a complete history of changes in the values of the shared variables for a more complete description of time properties of the program and its environment. Semantics takes into account the infinity of the program execution cycle, the logic of controlling transitions of processes from state to state and the interaction of processes with each other and with the environment. Extending the formal operational semantics of the Reflex language to annotations simplifies the proof of the correctness of the transformation approach to deductive verification of Reflex programs developed by the authors that transforms an annotated Reflex program to an annotated program on a very limited subset of the C language by reducing a complex proof of preserving the truth of requirements for the program when transforming to a simpler proof of equivalence of the original and resulting annotated programs with respect to their operational semantics.
Author	Anureev, I. S.
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Cites_doi	10.1145/2103621.2103719 10.1007/3-540-56992-8_17 10.1007/s10817-009-9148-3 10.1109/TASE.2012.2226578 10.1023/A:1021045909505 10.1007/978-3-030-37487-7_5 10.1109/SIBCON.2019.8729633
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Copyright	Allerton Press, Inc. 2020. ISSN 0146-4116, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, 2020, Vol. 54, No. 7, pp. 719–727. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2020. Russian Text © The Author(s), 2019, published in Modelirovanie i Analiz Informatsionnykh Sistem, 2019, No. 4, pp. 475–487.
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References	NepomniaschyV.A.AnureevI.S.MikhailovI.N.PromskyA.V.Towards verification of C programs. C-light language and its formal semanticsProgram. Comput. Sci.20022831432310.1023/A:1021045909505 TravisJ.KringJ.LabVIEW for Everyone: Graphical Programming Made Easy and Fun2006Upper Saddle River, NJPrentice Hall PTR Anureev, I.S., Garanina, N.O., Liakh, T.V., Rozov, A.S., Zyubin, V.E., and Gorlatch, S., Two-step deductive verification of control software using reflex, Preliminary Proceedings of A. P. Ershov Informatics Conference (PSI-19), Novosibirsk, 2019, pp. 17–30. BuxtonJ.N.RandellB.Software engineering techniques1970RomeConference Sponsored by the NATO Science Committee GurevichY.HugginsJ.The semantics of the C programming languageLect. Notes Comput. Sci.199270227430810.1007/3-540-56992-8_17 BasileF.ChiacchioP.GerbasioD.On the implementation of industrial automation systems based on PLCIEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng.201210990100310.1109/TASE.2012.2226578 BlazyS.LeroyX.Mechanized semantics for the Clight subset of the C languageJ. Autom. Reasoning200943263288254428610.1007/s10817-009-9148-3 ZyubinV.E.LiakhT.V.RozovA.S.Reflex language: A practical notation for cyber-physical systemsSyst. Inf.20181285104 Anureev, I.S., Garanina, N.O., Liakh, T.V., Rozov, A.S., Schulte, H., and Zyubin, V.E., Towards safe cyber-physical systems: The reflex language and its transformational semantics, 14th International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCON). Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Tomsk, 2019, pp. 1–6. IEC 61131-3: Programmable Controllers-Part 3: Programming Languages, Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission, 2003, 2nd ed., vol. 1. Norrish, M., C Formalised in HOL, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. Zyubin, V., Using process-oriented programming in LabVIEW, Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Multi-Conference on Automation, Control, and Information Technology: Control, Diagnostics, and Automation, Novosibirsk, 2010, pp. 35–41. Ellison, C. and Rosu, G., An executable formal semantics of C with applications, Proc. of the 39th Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, 2012, pp. 533–544. Y. Gurevich (7287_CR10) 1992; 702 7287_CR1 V.A. Nepomniaschy (7287_CR12) 2002; 28 J.N. Buxton (7287_CR5) 1970 J. Travis (7287_CR3) 2006 V.E. Zyubin (7287_CR8) 2018; 12 F. Basile (7287_CR2) 2012; 10 7287_CR13 7287_CR6 S. Blazy (7287_CR11) 2009; 43 7287_CR7 7287_CR4 7287_CR9
References_xml	– reference: Anureev, I.S., Garanina, N.O., Liakh, T.V., Rozov, A.S., Zyubin, V.E., and Gorlatch, S., Two-step deductive verification of control software using reflex, Preliminary Proceedings of A. P. Ershov Informatics Conference (PSI-19), Novosibirsk, 2019, pp. 17–30. – reference: IEC 61131-3: Programmable Controllers-Part 3: Programming Languages, Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission, 2003, 2nd ed., vol. 1. – reference: Norrish, M., C Formalised in HOL, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. – reference: NepomniaschyV.A.AnureevI.S.MikhailovI.N.PromskyA.V.Towards verification of C programs. C-light language and its formal semanticsProgram. Comput. Sci.20022831432310.1023/A:1021045909505 – reference: ZyubinV.E.LiakhT.V.RozovA.S.Reflex language: A practical notation for cyber-physical systemsSyst. Inf.20181285104 – reference: Ellison, C. and Rosu, G., An executable formal semantics of C with applications, Proc. of the 39th Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, 2012, pp. 533–544. – reference: Zyubin, V., Using process-oriented programming in LabVIEW, Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Multi-Conference on Automation, Control, and Information Technology: Control, Diagnostics, and Automation, Novosibirsk, 2010, pp. 35–41. – reference: BlazyS.LeroyX.Mechanized semantics for the Clight subset of the C languageJ. Autom. Reasoning200943263288254428610.1007/s10817-009-9148-3 – reference: BasileF.ChiacchioP.GerbasioD.On the implementation of industrial automation systems based on PLCIEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng.201210990100310.1109/TASE.2012.2226578 – reference: Anureev, I.S., Garanina, N.O., Liakh, T.V., Rozov, A.S., Schulte, H., and Zyubin, V.E., Towards safe cyber-physical systems: The reflex language and its transformational semantics, 14th International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCON). Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Tomsk, 2019, pp. 1–6. – reference: TravisJ.KringJ.LabVIEW for Everyone: Graphical Programming Made Easy and Fun2006Upper Saddle River, NJPrentice Hall PTR – reference: GurevichY.HugginsJ.The semantics of the C programming languageLect. Notes Comput. Sci.199270227430810.1007/3-540-56992-8_17 – reference: BuxtonJ.N.RandellB.Software engineering techniques1970RomeConference Sponsored by the NATO Science Committee – volume: 12 start-page: 85 year: 2018 ident: 7287_CR8 publication-title: Syst. Inf. – ident: 7287_CR9 – ident: 7287_CR13 doi: 10.1145/2103621.2103719 – volume-title: Software engineering techniques year: 1970 ident: 7287_CR5 – ident: 7287_CR1 – volume-title: LabVIEW for Everyone: Graphical Programming Made Easy and Fun year: 2006 ident: 7287_CR3 – volume: 702 start-page: 274 year: 1992 ident: 7287_CR10 publication-title: Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. doi: 10.1007/3-540-56992-8_17 – ident: 7287_CR4 – volume: 43 start-page: 263 year: 2009 ident: 7287_CR11 publication-title: J. Autom. Reasoning doi: 10.1007/s10817-009-9148-3 – volume: 10 start-page: 990 year: 2012 ident: 7287_CR2 publication-title: IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. doi: 10.1109/TASE.2012.2226578 – volume: 28 start-page: 314 year: 2002 ident: 7287_CR12 publication-title: Program. Comput. Sci. doi: 10.1023/A:1021045909505 – ident: 7287_CR6 doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-37487-7_5 – ident: 7287_CR7 doi: 10.1109/SIBCON.2019.8729633
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Snippet	— Reflex is a process-oriented language for developing easy-to-maintain control software for programmable logic controllers. The language has been successfully... Abstract—Reflex is a process-oriented language for developing easy-to-maintain control software for programmable logic controllers. The language has been...
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SubjectTerms	Annotations Clocks Computer Science Control equipment Control Structures and Microprogramming Control systems Crystal growth Electronic equipment Formal specifications Hand driers Language Programmable logic controllers Safety critical Semantics Single crystals Software Software reliability Verification
Title	Operational Semantics of Annotated Reflex Programs
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