Teaching Cobots in Learning Factories – User and Usability-Driven Implications
Up to now, industrial robots were considered as machines working for humans. In this sense, programming required special coding knowledge and skills as teaching approaches were based on imperative programming methods, formulating the solving of a problem line by line. As novel work principles consid...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Procedia manufacturing Jg. 45; S. 398 - 404 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Elsevier B.V
2020
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 2351-9789, 2351-9789 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Abstract | Up to now, industrial robots were considered as machines working for humans. In this sense, programming required special coding knowledge and skills as teaching approaches were based on imperative programming methods, formulating the solving of a problem line by line. As novel work principles consider the robot rather a tool, assisting or collaborating with the human, declarative approaches are needed, that allow for intuitiveness and modifiability. Collaborative robot (cobot) control requires intuitive interfaces, not only for ease of use but also for modifying existing execution programs. Furthermore, the increasingly diverse personnel also requires a more democratic approach to robot programming. However, there is no standard or guideline for intuitive cobot control, and it can be noticed that the usability of the diverse interfaces and systems provided on the market is rather poor. This paper compares three systems with their advantages and disadvantages concerning usability and presents the results of the standard usability score (SUS) test, which was conducted in the Vienna learning factory “TU Wien Pilot Factory for Industry 4.0”. Additionally, the paper presents an approach on how to teach different levels of cobot interaction and control addressing the skill sets needed in their individual working environments. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Up to now, industrial robots were considered as machines working for humans. In this sense, programming required special coding knowledge and skills as teaching approaches were based on imperative programming methods, formulating the solving of a problem line by line. As novel work principles consider the robot rather a tool, assisting or collaborating with the human, declarative approaches are needed, that allow for intuitiveness and modifiability. Collaborative robot (cobot) control requires intuitive interfaces, not only for ease of use but also for modifying existing execution programs. Furthermore, the increasingly diverse personnel also requires a more democratic approach to robot programming. However, there is no standard or guideline for intuitive cobot control, and it can be noticed that the usability of the diverse interfaces and systems provided on the market is rather poor. This paper compares three systems with their advantages and disadvantages concerning usability and presents the results of the standard usability score (SUS) test, which was conducted in the Vienna learning factory “TU Wien Pilot Factory for Industry 4.0”. Additionally, the paper presents an approach on how to teach different levels of cobot interaction and control addressing the skill sets needed in their individual working environments. |
| Author | Schmidbauer, Christina Schlund, Sebastian Komenda, Titanilla |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Christina surname: Schmidbauer fullname: Schmidbauer, Christina email: Christina.Schmidbauer@tuwien.ac.at organization: TU Wien, Institute for Management Science, Theresianumgasse 27, 1040 Vienna, Austria – sequence: 2 givenname: Titanilla surname: Komenda fullname: Komenda, Titanilla organization: Fraunhofer Austria Research GmbH, Advanced Industrial Management, Theresianumgasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria – sequence: 3 givenname: Sebastian surname: Schlund fullname: Schlund, Sebastian organization: TU Wien, Institute for Management Science, Theresianumgasse 27, 1040 Vienna, Austria |
| BookMark | eNqFkMFKAzEQhoMoWGvfwMO-wK6z2W2y8SBItVoo6KE9hzQ7rVO2SUmWQm--g2_ok7i1HsSDwg_zM_D9zPwX7NR5h4xd5ZDlkIvrdbYNfrNcZRw4ZFB2Kk5YjxfDPFWyUqc__DkbxLgG6DguhFQ99jJDY1_JrZKRX_g2JuSSKZrgDquxsa0PhDH5eHtP5hFDYlzdGbOghtp9eh9ohy6ZbLYNWdOSd_GSnS1NE3HwPftsPn6YjZ7S6fPjZHQ3TS0Xskh5UZW5qoZVyU2lJFYCa4kWDRe5rLEEqIxViKoGAwhS1AuURkGplOBDK4o-uznm2uBjDLjUltqvE9pgqNE56EM9eq2P9ehDPRrKTkUHl7_gbaCNCfv_sNsjht1jO8KgoyV0FmsKaFtde_o74BMHjIQf |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_17979_ja_cea_2025_46_12274 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rcim_2024_102770 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cogr_2022_10_001 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10758_025_09850_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procs_2024_01_072 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engappai_2025_110320 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procir_2021_11_007 crossref_primary_10_1109_THMS_2022_3230667 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmsy_2021_10_008 crossref_primary_10_1080_10447318_2022_2041907 crossref_primary_10_1109_TASE_2024_3403709 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mfglet_2025_06_145 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ifacol_2024_09_083 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.procir.2018.03.104 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.050 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.121 10.1016/j.robot.2019.03.003 10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.187 10.1016/j.procir.2019.03.017 10.1109/INDIN.2017.8104828 10.1016/j.cirp.2019.05.002 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.03.048 10.1007/978-3-030-20040-4_8 10.23919/DATE.2019.8714830 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2020 The Author(s) |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2020 The Author(s) |
| DBID | 6I. AAFTH AAYXX CITATION |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043 |
| DatabaseName | ScienceDirect Open Access Titles Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| EISSN | 2351-9789 |
| EndPage | 404 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1016_j_promfg_2020_04_043 S2351978920310817 |
| GroupedDBID | 0R~ 0SF 457 6I. AACTN AAEDW AAFTH AALRI AAXUO ABMAC ACGFS ADBBV ADEZE AEXQZ AFTJW AGHFR AITUG ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ EBS EJD FDB KQ8 M~E NCXOZ O9- OK1 ROL SSZ AAYWO AAYXX ACVFH ADCNI ADVLN AEUPX AFPUW AIGII AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP CITATION |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c2673-23841985842a897e86ed7ecea2617de4008ac9ee9d0a0e076dbe7a90499625c63 |
| ISSN | 2351-9789 |
| IngestDate | Tue Nov 18 21:24:00 EST 2025 Thu Nov 13 04:33:48 EST 2025 Wed May 17 00:08:17 EDT 2023 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | false |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Collaborative Robots Robot Programming Usability Learning Concept Cobot Teaching |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c2673-23841985842a897e86ed7ecea2617de4008ac9ee9d0a0e076dbe7a90499625c63 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043 |
| PageCount | 7 |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_promfg_2020_04_043 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_promfg_2020_04_043 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_promfg_2020_04_043 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2020 2020-00-00 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-01-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – year: 2020 text: 2020 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationTitle | Procedia manufacturing |
| PublicationYear | 2020 |
| Publisher | Elsevier B.V |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier B.V |
| References | A. Weiss, R. Bernhaupt, M. Lankes, M. Tscheligi, The USUS Evaluation Framework for Human-Robot Interaction, AISB2009: Proceedings of the Symposium on New Frontiers in Human-Robot Interaction, 4-1 (2009) 11-26. hi!tech, Agile Fertigung für die smarte Produktion International Conference on Industrial Informatics, (2017) 533-538. Stanton, Salmon, Rafferty, Walker, Baber, Jenkins (bib00018) 2017 Salunkhe, Gopalakrishnan, Skoogh, Fasth-Berglund (bib0003) 2018; 25 Kildal, Tellaeche, Fernández, Maurtua (bib00012) 2018; 72 Calitz, Poisat, Cullen (bib0005) 2017; 15-1 International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, (2019) 81-93. F. Ansari, P. Hold, W. Mayrhofer, S. Schlund, W. Sihn, Autodidact: Introducing the Concept of Mutual Learning into a Smart Factory Industry 4.0, 15 Wermann, Colombo, Pechmann, Zarte (bib0007) 2019; 31 A. Djuric, V.M. Jovanovic, D. Foster, Hands-On Learning Environment and Educational Curriculum on Collaborative Robotics, ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings, (2017) 1-15. Mattson, Salunkhe, Fast-Berglund, Li, Skoogh (bib0008) 2018; 25 F. Ferraguti, A. Pertosa, C. Secchi, C. Fantuzzi, M. Bonfè, A Methodology for Comparative Analysis of Collaborative Robots for Industry 4.0, Design, Automation and Test in Europe, (2019) 1070-1075. El Zaatari, Marei, Li, Usman (bib00013) 2019; 116 ISO 10218-2:2011: Robots and Robotic Devices - Safety Requirements for Industrial Robots - Part 2: Robot Systems and Integration. ISO/TS 15066: 2016: Robots and Robotic Devices - Collaborative Robots, International Organization for Standardization. T.B. Ionescu, S. Schlund, C. Schmidbauer, Epistemic Debt: A Concept and Measure of Technical Ignorance in Smart Manufacturing, 10 hi!tech, Teamwork 4.0: Mensch und Roboter W. Mayrhofer, D. Kames, S. Schlund, Made in Austria - Produktionsarbeit in Österreich 2019 International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age, (2018). Schlund, Baaij (bib0002) 2018; 14-3 Wang, Gao, Vánczy, Krüger, Wang, Makris, Chryssolouris (bib0001) 2019; 68 Abele, Metternich, Tisch, Chryssolouris, Sihn, ElMaraghy, Hummel, Ranz (bib0009) 2015; 32 Ionescu, Schlund (bib00014) 2019; 81 J. Brooke: SUS - A quick and dirty usability scale, P. W. Jordan, B. Thomas, B. A. Weerdmeester, and A. L. McClelland, editors, Usability Evaluation in Industry, (1996) Taylor and Francis. M. Götting, F. Gosewehr, M. Müller, J. Wermann, M. Zarte, A.W. Colombo, A. Pechmann, E. Wings, Methodology and Case Study for Investigating Curricula of Study Programs in Regard to Teaching Industry 4.0, 15 ISO 9241-11:2018: Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 11: Usability: Definitions and concepts. (accessed Jan. 2020). 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00011 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00022 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00023 Salunkhe (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0003) 2018; 25 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00020 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00010 Stanton (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00018) 2017 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00021 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00015 Wang (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0001) 2019; 68 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00016 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00024 Calitz (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0005) 2017; 15-1 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00019 Schlund (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0002) 2018; 14-3 Wermann (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0007) 2019; 31 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00017 El Zaatari (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00013) 2019; 116 Mattson (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0008) 2018; 25 Abele (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0009) 2015; 32 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0006 Kildal (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00012) 2018; 72 Ionescu (10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00014) 2019; 81 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0004 |
| References_xml | – volume: 72 start-page: 21 year: 2018 end-page: 26 ident: bib00012 article-title: Potential Users’ Key Concerns and Expectations for the Adoption of Cobots publication-title: Procedia CIRP – volume: 116 start-page: 162 year: 2019 end-page: 180 ident: bib00013 article-title: Cobot programming for collaborative industrial tasks: An overview publication-title: Robotics and Autonomous Systems – reference: ISO 10218-2:2011: Robots and Robotic Devices - Safety Requirements for Industrial Robots - Part 2: Robot Systems and Integration. – reference: International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age, (2018). – volume: 25 start-page: 2 year: 2018 end-page: 9 ident: bib0003 article-title: Cyber-Physical Production Testbed: Literature Review and Concept Development publication-title: Procedia Manufacturing – reference: ISO/TS 15066: 2016: Robots and Robotic Devices - Collaborative Robots, International Organization for Standardization. – volume: 15-1 start-page: 1 year: 2017 end-page: 11 ident: bib0005 article-title: The Future African Workplace: The Use of Collaborative Robots in Manufacturing publication-title: SA Journal of Human Resource Management – reference: International Conference on Industrial Informatics, (2017) 533-538. – volume: 31 start-page: 302 year: 2019 end-page: 308 ident: bib0007 article-title: Using an Interdisciplinary Demonstration Platform for Teaching Industry 4.0 publication-title: Procedia Manufacturing – reference: F. Ferraguti, A. Pertosa, C. Secchi, C. Fantuzzi, M. Bonfè, A Methodology for Comparative Analysis of Collaborative Robots for Industry 4.0, Design, Automation and Test in Europe, (2019) 1070-1075. – reference: M. Götting, F. Gosewehr, M. Müller, J. Wermann, M. Zarte, A.W. Colombo, A. Pechmann, E. Wings, Methodology and Case Study for Investigating Curricula of Study Programs in Regard to Teaching Industry 4.0, 15 – volume: 81 start-page: 93 year: 2019 end-page: 98 ident: bib00014 article-title: A Participatory Programming Model for Democratizing Cobot Technology in Public and Industrial Fablabs publication-title: Procedia CIRP – volume: 25 start-page: 526 year: 2018 end-page: 534 ident: bib0008 article-title: Design Concept towards a human-centered Learning Factory publication-title: Procedia Manufacturing – reference: A. Djuric, V.M. Jovanovic, D. Foster, Hands-On Learning Environment and Educational Curriculum on Collaborative Robotics, ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings, (2017) 1-15. – reference: A. Weiss, R. Bernhaupt, M. Lankes, M. Tscheligi, The USUS Evaluation Framework for Human-Robot Interaction, AISB2009: Proceedings of the Symposium on New Frontiers in Human-Robot Interaction, 4-1 (2009) 11-26. – reference: J. Brooke: SUS - A quick and dirty usability scale, P. W. Jordan, B. Thomas, B. A. Weerdmeester, and A. L. McClelland, editors, Usability Evaluation in Industry, (1996) Taylor and Francis. – volume: 68 start-page: 701 year: 2019 end-page: 726 ident: bib0001 article-title: Symbiotic human-robot collaborative assembly publication-title: CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology – volume: 32 start-page: 1 year: 2015 end-page: 6 ident: bib0009 article-title: Learning factories for research, education, and training publication-title: Procedia CIRP – volume: 14-3 year: 2018 ident: bib0002 article-title: Describing the technological scope of industry 4.0-a review of survey publications publication-title: LogForum – reference: hi!tech, Teamwork 4.0: Mensch und Roboter, – reference: hi!tech, Agile Fertigung für die smarte Produktion, – reference: F. Ansari, P. Hold, W. Mayrhofer, S. Schlund, W. Sihn, Autodidact: Introducing the Concept of Mutual Learning into a Smart Factory Industry 4.0, 15 – reference: T.B. Ionescu, S. Schlund, C. Schmidbauer, Epistemic Debt: A Concept and Measure of Technical Ignorance in Smart Manufacturing, 10 – reference: W. Mayrhofer, D. Kames, S. Schlund, Made in Austria - Produktionsarbeit in Österreich 2019, – reference: ISO 9241-11:2018: Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 11: Usability: Definitions and concepts. – reference: , (accessed Jan. 2020). – year: 2017 ident: bib00018 publication-title: Human factors methods: a practical guide for engineering and design – reference: International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, (2019) 81-93. – volume: 72 start-page: 21 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00012 article-title: Potential Users’ Key Concerns and Expectations for the Adoption of Cobots publication-title: Procedia CIRP doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2018.03.104 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00010 – volume: 25 start-page: 2 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0003 article-title: Cyber-Physical Production Testbed: Literature Review and Concept Development publication-title: Procedia Manufacturing doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.050 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00011 – volume: 14-3 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0002 article-title: Describing the technological scope of industry 4.0-a review of survey publications publication-title: LogForum – volume: 25 start-page: 526 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0008 article-title: Design Concept towards a human-centered Learning Factory publication-title: Procedia Manufacturing doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.121 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00015 – volume: 116 start-page: 162 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00013 article-title: Cobot programming for collaborative industrial tasks: An overview publication-title: Robotics and Autonomous Systems doi: 10.1016/j.robot.2019.03.003 – volume: 15-1 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0005 article-title: The Future African Workplace: The Use of Collaborative Robots in Manufacturing publication-title: SA Journal of Human Resource Management – volume: 32 start-page: 1 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0009 article-title: Learning factories for research, education, and training publication-title: Procedia CIRP doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.187 – volume: 81 start-page: 93 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00014 article-title: A Participatory Programming Model for Democratizing Cobot Technology in Public and Industrial Fablabs publication-title: Procedia CIRP doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2019.03.017 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00020 doi: 10.1109/INDIN.2017.8104828 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00019 – volume: 68 start-page: 701 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0001 article-title: Symbiotic human-robot collaborative assembly publication-title: CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology doi: 10.1016/j.cirp.2019.05.002 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0004 – year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00018 – volume: 31 start-page: 302 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0007 article-title: Using an Interdisciplinary Demonstration Platform for Teaching Industry 4.0 publication-title: Procedia Manufacturing doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.03.048 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00017 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00024 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00021 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00022 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib0006 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00023 doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-20040-4_8 – ident: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043_bib00016 doi: 10.23919/DATE.2019.8714830 |
| SSID | ssj0001626679 |
| Score | 2.3089976 |
| Snippet | Up to now, industrial robots were considered as machines working for humans. In this sense, programming required special coding knowledge and skills as... |
| SourceID | crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 398 |
| SubjectTerms | Cobot Teaching Collaborative Robots Learning Concept Robot Programming Usability |
| Title | Teaching Cobots in Learning Factories – User and Usability-Driven Implications |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.043 |
| Volume | 45 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2351-9789 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0001626679 issn: 2351-9789 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20150101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3daxNBEF9i9cEXqahYv9gH32Rlc7t3e_so1dKHWgptpG_H7VdNSS4lXkpFEP8H_0P_Eme_0tgUtYIQjmTJ3i47P-Zm5mZ-g9BLxZ0zRnGinaKEl5aTtlCaOEMrBSYFc4FM58Oe2N-vj4_lwWDwJdfCnE9E19UXF_Lsv4oaxkDYvnT2BuJe3hQG4DsIHa4gdrj-neBzfuT2TM36kO66l-MfO6G7ztiHWlOSA3s1gl2FVwijyLbbfyZv514HBubgX0J6yYgNxQWAK5_6uvCVEaHU8fKVzsfp2Kh2kUoMA3tBatIdi2ymtjNtBAqYpqntUZ47WcRQ96GFB2yfwZviEgW9DJOtlcp4bVawckjAZY360V4zltQxL1f0KYstqtOjmcdOxWtaPwYgTv0zZ-pOXvvdBP7aSAB1hU_70K_qFy08K2o9FLfQ7UKU0vf9eP91JUAHrl4VuBqX28yllyE_cH2x602bFXPlaBPdS34GfhPxcR8NbPcAHWRs4IgNPO5wxgZeYgP_-PYde1RgQAW-igq8ioqHaLTz7mh7l6SWGkQXlWAEDDQ-lDVYnUVbS2HryhphtW09Mb-xoNDrVktrpaEttVRURlnRSu8Xg6OsK_YIbXSzzj5GmFspDauocLXjXGhVwokOK2cc-ORU8S3E8mk0OvHN-7YnkyYnFp428Qwbf4YN5fBhW4gsZ51FvpU__F_kg26SzRhtwQbA8duZT_555lN01_-KgbhnaKOfL-xzdEef9-NP8xcBRT8BjVeUVA |
| linkProvider | ISSN International Centre |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Teaching+Cobots+in+Learning+Factories+%E2%80%93+User+and+Usability-Driven+Implications&rft.jtitle=Procedia+manufacturing&rft.au=Schmidbauer%2C+Christina&rft.au=Komenda%2C+Titanilla&rft.au=Schlund%2C+Sebastian&rft.date=2020&rft.pub=Elsevier+B.V&rft.issn=2351-9789&rft.eissn=2351-9789&rft.volume=45&rft.spage=398&rft.epage=404&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.promfg.2020.04.043&rft.externalDocID=S2351978920310817 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2351-9789&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2351-9789&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2351-9789&client=summon |