Sleep Stage Monitoring in Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) Using a Digital Health Application Programming Interface (API)

Background: Adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) are living longer but face increasing comorbidities. Sleep is a key health determinant, yet objective data in CHD remain limited. This study compared sleep characteristics of adults with CHD and controls using wearable technology and a Health Ap...

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Published in:Journal of clinical medicine Vol. 14; no. 22; p. 8097
Main Authors: Schöneburg, Charlotte, Uphoff, Isabel, Ludwig, Viktoria, Oberhoffer-Fritz, Renate, Ewert, Peter, Müller, Jan
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 15.11.2025
Subjects:
Application programming interface
Blood pressure
Body mass index
Cardiology
Cardiovascular disease
Congenital diseases
Exercise
Heart
Maximum oxygen consumption
Metabolism
Mortality
Multivariate analysis
Physical fitness
Sleep
Telemedicine
sleep
congenital heart disease
telemedicine
health application programming interface
ISSN:2077-0383, 2077-0383
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Background: Adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) are living longer but face increasing comorbidities. Sleep is a key health determinant, yet objective data in CHD remain limited. This study compared sleep characteristics of adults with CHD and controls using wearable technology and a Health Application Programming Interface (API). Methods: A total of 175 CHD patients (33.1 ± 10.3 years, 49.2% women) and 52 controls (34.4 ± 12.4 years, 40.4% women) completed seven continuous days of wrist-worn Garmin Vivosmart® 5 during routine follow-up at the TUM Klinikum Deutsches Herzzentrum. Sleep duration, phases, Sleep Scores, and weekday-weekend differences were analyzed, and multivariate models examined clinical and demographic predictors. Results: Total sleep duration and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep did not differ between groups. CHD patients had more deep sleep (83 ± 19 vs. 75 ± 16 min, p = 0.004) but lower Sleep Scores (74 ± 9 vs. 77 ± 9, p = 0.041). Within CHDs, deep sleep was higher on weekends than on weekdays (p = 0.033). Multivariate analyses showed no overall group effect, but age (p = 0.016), sex (p = 0.013), and body mass index (BMI; p < 0.001) significantly predicted sleep outcomes. Regression analyses in CHDs revealed female sex associated with longer REM sleep (p < 0.001), while higher BMI consistently predicted poorer outcomes. Disease severity was linked to lower Sleep Scores. Conclusions: Sleep in CHDs is broadly comparable to controls, but BMI, sex, and disease severity significantly shape outcomes. The additional variability between weekends and weekdays and a higher risk of sleep-disordered breathing, according to the literature, underscores that sleep is an underestimated target for prevention and clinical care in CHD.
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ISSN:2077-0383
2077-0383
DOI:10.3390/jcm14228097