A regression discontinuity assessment of the differential impacts of China’s natural forest protection program across forestland property right regimes
•The NFPP has a moderately positive effect on forest cover.•Positive effects are larger for village-managed forests than for state-owned forests.•Redirecting a larger share of funds and restoration efforts toward village forest managers could enhance program performance.•Findings inform China's...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | World development Jg. 196; S. 107166 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Elsevier Ltd
01.12.2025
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 0305-750X |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Abstract | •The NFPP has a moderately positive effect on forest cover.•Positive effects are larger for village-managed forests than for state-owned forests.•Redirecting a larger share of funds and restoration efforts toward village forest managers could enhance program performance.•Findings inform China's State Forest Property Reform, debating whether to strengthen SOFE worker rights or extend rights to village households.
In 2000 China launched the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) as its flagship initiative for forest conservation and restoration, targeting both state-owned forestland managed by state-owned forest enterprises (SOFEs) and large areas of forestland held by village households. This study evaluates the overall impact of the NFPP on forest cover and examines the program’s heterogeneous effects across property right regimes and provinces using a spatial regression discontinuity design. Our analysis reveals that forest cover within NFPP boundaries is, on average, about 6 % higher than in adjacent areas. Notably, collective forestland experiences an 82 % greater treatment effect compared to state-owned forests – even though collective areas receive less direct financial support – underscoring the role of institutional and local governance factors. Furthermore, our findings highlight significant regional variations in program outcomes. Overall, the NFPP exemplifies a proactive approach to reversing deforestation amidst rapid economic development, and our results offer valuable insights for refining policy measures and ensuring equitable funding strategies across diverse forest management regimes. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | •The NFPP has a moderately positive effect on forest cover.•Positive effects are larger for village-managed forests than for state-owned forests.•Redirecting a larger share of funds and restoration efforts toward village forest managers could enhance program performance.•Findings inform China's State Forest Property Reform, debating whether to strengthen SOFE worker rights or extend rights to village households.
In 2000 China launched the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) as its flagship initiative for forest conservation and restoration, targeting both state-owned forestland managed by state-owned forest enterprises (SOFEs) and large areas of forestland held by village households. This study evaluates the overall impact of the NFPP on forest cover and examines the program’s heterogeneous effects across property right regimes and provinces using a spatial regression discontinuity design. Our analysis reveals that forest cover within NFPP boundaries is, on average, about 6 % higher than in adjacent areas. Notably, collective forestland experiences an 82 % greater treatment effect compared to state-owned forests – even though collective areas receive less direct financial support – underscoring the role of institutional and local governance factors. Furthermore, our findings highlight significant regional variations in program outcomes. Overall, the NFPP exemplifies a proactive approach to reversing deforestation amidst rapid economic development, and our results offer valuable insights for refining policy measures and ensuring equitable funding strategies across diverse forest management regimes. |
| ArticleNumber | 107166 |
| Author | Deng, Xiangzheng Liu, Shilei Liu, Zhaoyang Kontoleon, Andreas Xu, Jintao Liu, Qi |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Qi surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Qi organization: School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Shilei surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Shilei organization: School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Zhaoyang surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Zhaoyang organization: Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Xiangzheng surname: Deng fullname: Deng, Xiangzheng organization: Beijing Technology and Business University, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Jintao surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Jintao organization: National School of Development, Peking University, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Andreas surname: Kontoleon fullname: Kontoleon, Andreas email: ak219@cam.ac.uk organization: Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, UK |
| BookMark | eNqFUEtuwyAUZJFKTdpeoeICTsE22Nk1ivqTInXTSt0hDM8JkQ0RkFTZ9Rq5Xk9S3KTrigVPM8y8YSZoZJ0FhG4pmVJC-d1m-ul8pzXspznJWQIryvkIjUlBWFYx8nGJJiFsCCGsmFVjdJxjDysPIRhnsTZBORuN3Zl4wDKEhPdgI3YtjmtIfNuCT4CRHTb9VqoYBm6xNlZ-fx0DtjLufCJblzwj3noXQcXBO40rL3sslXchnB900uqB2YJPC71ZreOQx_QQrtFFK7sAN-f7Cr0_PrwtnrPl69PLYr7MVM5pzAoFdMZpVZQN8EaXrAbOdEmJzmvNNW1maeKUq3SaBAArVVMzKYHzpKyLK8RPvr-5PLRi600v_UFQIoZSxUb8lSqGUsWp1CS8Pwkhpdsb8CIoA1aBNj79WWhn_rP4AaQpjs0 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1080/00220388.2017.1324145 10.1093/ajae/aay028 10.1086/692089 10.1111/1467-8276.00359 10.3390/f7100218 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.043 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.05.008 10.1073/pnas.0912376107 10.1016/j.jeem.2016.11.010 10.1016/j.forpol.2018.09.008 10.1073/pnas.1312246111 10.1080/01621459.2019.1635480 10.1257/jel.47.1.5 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106522 10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.05.003 10.1257/jel.48.2.281 10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102696 10.1257/aer.97.2.104 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.12.010 10.1038/s41467-020-18457-x 10.1257/aer.20190759 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.12.004 10.1007/s10640-022-00659-0 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.05.005 10.1093/reep/rew013 10.1073/pnas.1700294115 10.1016/j.jeem.2010.04.005 10.1073/pnas.1616784114 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.009 10.1505/146554813807700128 10.1073/pnas.1908221116 10.1016/j.jeem.2018.03.007 10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101212 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.019 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106785 10.1126/science.aan0568 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.03.006 10.1111/conl.12049 10.1073/pnas.2010840117 10.1016/j.forpol.2004.03.013 10.1073/pnas.0800437105 10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.001 10.1146/annurev-resource-110119-025703 10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.006 10.1007/s11632-011-0302-8 10.1016/j.jfe.2014.08.001 10.1093/qje/qjaa024 10.1073/pnas.1603290114 10.2202/1935-1682.1990 10.1257/jep.31.2.3 10.1007/s00267-009-9373-x 10.1257/pol.20130139 10.1016/j.forpol.2018.06.001 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.011 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.102381 10.1111/cobi.12561 10.1126/science.aad7270 10.1186/s40663-015-0047-2 10.3368/le.88.4.613 10.1177/1536867X1401400413 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103021 10.1126/sciadv.1500965 10.1073/pnas.1802877116 10.1073/pnas.1917874117 10.1016/j.forpol.2005.01.004 10.1505/146554821833992811 10.1111/ajae.12425 10.1016/j.forpol.2016.05.010 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00545.x 10.1016/j.jeem.2008.02.004 10.3982/ECTA11757 10.3368/le.93.2.230 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2025 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2025 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Economics |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1016_j_worlddev_2025_107166 S0305750X25002529 |
| GroupedDBID | --K --M -ET -~X .~1 0R~ 123 1B1 1OL 1RT 1~. 1~5 29R 3R3 4.4 457 4G. 5VS 7-5 71M 85S 8P~ 9JO AABNK AAEDT AAEDW AAFFL AAFJI AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAPFB AAQFI AAQXK AATTM AAXKI AAXUO AAYWO ABFNM ABFRF ABFSI ABJNI ABLJU ABMAC ABMMH ABUFD ABWVN ABXDB ACCUC ACDAQ ACGFO ACGFS ACHQT ACIUM ACLOT ACNCT ACRLP ACROA ACRPL ACVFH ADBBV ADCNI ADEZE ADFHU ADIYS ADMHG ADMUD ADNMO ADVLN ADXHL AEBSH AEFWE AEHKV AEIPS AEKER AETEA AEUPX AEYQN AFFNX AFJKZ AFODL AFPUW AFRAH AFTJW AFTVO AGHFR AGHSJ AGQPQ AGTHC AGUBO AGYEJ AHHHB AIEXJ AIGII AIIAU AIIUN AIKHN AITUG AJWLA AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ ANKPU AOMHK APXCP ASPBG AVARZ AVWKF AXJTR AXLSJ AZFZN BEHZQ BEZPJ BGSCR BKOJK BKOMP BLXMC BNTGB BPUDD BULVW BZJEE CS3 EBS EFJIC EFKBS EFLBG EJD EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 F5P FDB FEDTE FGOYB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-2 G-Q GBLVA HLV HMB HMY HVGLF HZ~ IHE J1W KOM LPU LW9 LY5 M3Y M41 MO0 MS~ MVM N9A O-L O9- OAUVE OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. PQQKQ PRBVW Q38 R2- ROL RPZ RXW SAB SCC SDF SDG SDP SEB SEE SES SEW SPCBC SSB SSF SSO SSS SSZ T5K TAE TN5 U5U UHB UQL WH7 WUQ YK3 YYP ZCA ZCG ZKB ZY4 ~G- ~HD ~KM 9DU AAYXX CITATION |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c261t-3ce1961734be6bd458e65d410d28d6d1b90d2616c6c6bd6de54cb85aae66e1983 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 0 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001566369800002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0305-750X |
| IngestDate | Sat Nov 29 07:12:08 EST 2025 Sat Nov 08 17:35:49 EST 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Forest conservation and restoration Forestland property right regimes China’s natural forest protection program Spatial regression discontinuity Policy impact evaluation |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c261t-3ce1961734be6bd458e65d410d28d6d1b90d2616c6c6bd6de54cb85aae66e1983 |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_worlddev_2025_107166 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_worlddev_2025_107166 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | December 2025 2025-12-00 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2025-12-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 12 year: 2025 text: December 2025 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationTitle | World development |
| PublicationYear | 2025 |
| Publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd |
| References | Alice Moz-Christofoletti, M., Carvalho Pereda, P., & Campanharo, W. (2022). Athey, Imbens (b0030) 2017; 31 State Forestry Administration (b0335) 2010 Simonet, Subervie, Ezzine-de-Blas, Cromberg, Duchelle (b0355) 2019; 101 Calonico, Cattaneo, Titiunik (b0090) 2014; 82 Cattaneo, Jansson, Ma (b0105) 2020; 115 Liu, Xu (b0235) 2019; 98 Domke, Oswalt, Walters, Morin (b0130) 2020; 117 Pfaff, Robalino, Lima, Sandoval, Herrera (b0295) 2014; 55 Naudts, Chen, McGrath, Ryder, Valade, Otto, Luyssaert (b0275) 2016; 351 Ambrus, Field, Gonzalez (b0020) 2020; 110 Yin (b0410) 2016; 73 Calonico, Cattaneo, Arbor, Titiunik (b0085) 2014; 14 Jayachandran, de Laat, Lambin, Stanton, Audy, Thomas (b0190) 2017; 357 Van Den Hoek, Ozdogan, Burnicki, Zhu (b0365) 2014; 47 Blackman, Pfaff, Robalino (b0050) 2015; 31 West, Monge, Dowling, Wakelin, Gibbs (b0385) 2020; 46 Zhang, Hori, Zhou, Michinaka, Hirano, Tachibana (b0425) 2011; 13 Imbens, Lemieux (b0180) 2008; 142 Ren, Young, Wang, Wang, Long, Wu, Li, Zhu, Yu (b0310) 2015; 29 Blackman, Corral, Lima, Asner (b0045) 2017; 114 Sims, Alix-Garcia (b0360) 2017; 86 Black, Galdo, Smith (b0040) 2007; 97 Carranza, Balmford, Kapos, Manica (b0100) 2014; 7 McMahon, Parker, Miller (b0255) 2010; 107 Yin, Yin (b0415) 2010; 45 Busch, Ferretti-Gallon (b0080) 2017; 11 . Greenstone, Gayer (b0150) 2009; 57 National Forestry and Grassland Administration (2019) China forest resources report (9th national forest inventory) [originally in Chinese]. Deininger, Minten (b0115) 2002; 84 Lee, Lemieux (b0215) 2010; 48 Neal (b0280) 2024; 127 Pfaff, Robalino, Sanchez-Azofeifa, Andam, Ferraro (b0300) 2009; 9 Bull, Bazett, Schwab, Nilsson, White, Maginnis (b0075) 2006; 9 Rosenberg, Pratt (b0320) 2024; 106 Robalino, Pfaff, Villalobos (b0315) 2017; 4 Lu, Hu, Sun, Zhu, Liu, Zhou, Yu (b0245) 2018; 115 65–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-022-00659-0. Chen, Shi, Tang (b0110) 2019; 141 Delang, Wang (b0120) 2013; 15 Samii, Lisiecki, Kulkarni, Paler, Chavis, Snilstveit, Vojtkova, Gallagher (b0325) 2014; 10 Shi, Qi, Yin (b0345) 2016; 7 Alix-Garcia, Shapiro, Sims (b0010) 2012; 88 Qiao, Yuan, Ke (b0305) 2021; 23 Lu, Yin (b0250) 2020; 177 Pan, Singhal (b0290) 2019; 139 Grosjean, Kontoleon (b0155) 2009; 37 Börner, Baylis, Corbera, Ezzine-de-Blas, Honey-Rosés, Persson, Wunder (b0060) 2017; 96 Liu, Mullan, Liu, Zhu, Rong (b0225) 2014; 20 Jefferson (b0195) 1998; 88 Oliveira Fiorini, Mullally, Swisher, Putz (b0285) 2020; 169 National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2021). Schirmer, Bull (b0330) 2014; 24 Geldmann, Manica, Burgess, Coad, Balmford (b0145) 2019; 116 Liu, Li, Ouyang, Tam, Chen (b0230) 2008 Xu, Yin, Li, Liu (b0400) 2006; 57 Hyde, Yin (b0175) 2019; 98 Xu (b0390) 2010 Kallio, Hänninen, Vainikainen, Luque (b0205) 2008; 67 Deng, Huang, Uchida, Rozelle, Gibson (b0125) 2011; 61 Bonilla-Mejía, Higuera-Mendieta (b0055) 2019; 122 Jones, McDermott (b0200) 2018; 89 Baragwanath, Bayi (b0035) 2020; 117 Ward, Saura, Williams, Ramírez-Delgado, Arafeh-Dalmau, Allan, Venter, Dubois, Watson (b0380) 2020; 11 Andam, Ferraro, Pfaff, Sanchez-Azofeifa, Robalino (b0025) 2008; 105 Ebenstein, Fan, Greenstone, He, Zhou (b0135) 2017; 114 Herrera, Pfaff, Robalino (b0170) 2019; 116 Xu, Tao, Amacher (b0395) 2004; 6 Imbens, Wooldridge (b0185) 2009; 47 Hansen, Rotella (b0160) 2002; 16 España, Arriagada, Melo, Foster (b0140) 2022; 137 Vincent, Carson, DeShazo, Schwabe, Ahmad, Chong, Chang, Potts (b0375) 2014; 111 Le Velly, Sauquet, Cortina-Villar (b0210) 2017; 93 Börner, Schulz, Wunder, Pfaff (b0065) 2020; 12 Brandt, Butsic, Schwab, Kuemmerle, Radeloff (b0070) 2015; 181 Liu, Lan (b0240) 2018; 54 Alix-Garcia, Sims, Yañez-Pagans (b0015) 2015; 7 He, Wang, Zhang (b0165) 2020; 135 Lin, Cai, Li (b0220) 1998; 88 Viña, McConnell, Yang, Xu, Liu (b0370) 2016; 2 Zeng, Tomppo, Healey, Gadow (b0420) 2015; 2 Xu (b0405) 2017 Shi, Yin, Lv (b0350) 2017; 78 Xu (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0390) 2010 He (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0165) 2020; 135 Jayachandran (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0190) 2017; 357 Liu (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0235) 2019; 98 Lu (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0250) 2020; 177 Bonilla-Mejía (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0055) 2019; 122 Grosjean (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0155) 2009; 37 Rosenberg (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0320) 2024; 106 Simonet (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0355) 2019; 101 Kallio (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0205) 2008; 67 Yin (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0415) 2010; 45 Deng (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0125) 2011; 61 Börner (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0060) 2017; 96 Le Velly (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0210) 2017; 93 Blackman (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0050) 2015; 31 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0005 Jefferson (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0195) 1998; 88 Black (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0040) 2007; 97 Schirmer (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0330) 2014; 24 Brandt (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0070) 2015; 181 Samii (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0325) 2014; 10 Greenstone (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0150) 2009; 57 Liu (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0230) 2008 Ambrus (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0020) 2020; 110 Ren (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0310) 2015; 29 Vincent (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0375) 2014; 111 Geldmann (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0145) 2019; 116 Börner (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0065) 2020; 12 Blackman (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0045) 2017; 114 Imbens (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0185) 2009; 47 Deininger (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0115) 2002; 84 Lin (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0220) 1998; 88 Oliveira Fiorini (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0285) 2020; 169 Qiao (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0305) 2021; 23 McMahon (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0255) 2010; 107 Herrera (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0170) 2019; 116 Lee (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0215) 2010; 48 Calonico (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0090) 2014; 82 Delang (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0120) 2013; 15 Ebenstein (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0135) 2017; 114 Calonico (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0085) 2014; 14 Van Den Hoek (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0365) 2014; 47 España (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0140) 2022; 137 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0270 Sims (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0360) 2017; 86 Athey (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0030) 2017; 31 Hyde (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0175) 2019; 98 Zhang (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0425) 2011; 13 Baragwanath (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0035) 2020; 117 Ward (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0380) 2020; 11 Alix-Garcia (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0015) 2015; 7 West (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0385) 2020; 46 Shi (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0350) 2017; 78 Yin (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0410) 2016; 73 Neal (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0280) 2024; 127 Hansen (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0160) 2002; 16 Alix-Garcia (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0010) 2012; 88 Lu (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0245) 2018; 115 Imbens (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0180) 2008; 142 Busch (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0080) 2017; 11 Shi (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0345) 2016; 7 Pan (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0290) 2019; 139 Robalino (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0315) 2017; 4 State Forestry Administration (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0335) 2010 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0265 Xu (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0395) 2004; 6 Chen (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0110) 2019; 141 Pfaff (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0295) 2014; 55 Cattaneo (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0105) 2020; 115 Carranza (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0100) 2014; 7 Domke (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0130) 2020; 117 Naudts (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0275) 2016; 351 Xu (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0400) 2006; 57 Pfaff (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0300) 2009; 9 Viña (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0370) 2016; 2 Jones (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0200) 2018; 89 Liu (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0240) 2018; 54 Xu (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0405) 2017 Zeng (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0420) 2015; 2 Liu (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0225) 2014; 20 Andam (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0025) 2008; 105 Bull (10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0075) 2006; 9 |
| References_xml | – reference: National Forestry and Grassland Administration (2019) China forest resources report (9th national forest inventory) [originally in Chinese]. – reference: , 65–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-022-00659-0. – volume: 117 start-page: 20495 year: 2020 end-page: 20502 ident: b0035 article-title: Collective property rights reduce deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – volume: 351 start-page: 597 year: 2016 end-page: 600 ident: b0275 article-title: Europe’s forest management did not mitigate climate warming publication-title: Science – volume: 122 start-page: 585 year: 2019 end-page: 596 ident: b0055 article-title: Protected areas under weak institutions: Evidence from Colombia publication-title: World Development – volume: 115 start-page: 1449 year: 2020 end-page: 1455 ident: b0105 article-title: Simple local polynomial density estimators publication-title: Journal of the American Statistical Association – volume: 29 start-page: 1368 year: 2015 end-page: 1377 ident: b0310 article-title: Effectiveness of China’s national forest protection program and nature reserves publication-title: Conservation Biology – volume: 57 start-page: 21 year: 2009 end-page: 44 ident: b0150 article-title: Quasi-experimental and experimental approaches to environmental economics publication-title: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management – volume: 139 start-page: 157 year: 2019 end-page: 170 ident: b0290 article-title: Agricultural extension, intra-household allocation and malaria publication-title: Journal of Development Economics – volume: 105 start-page: 16089 year: 2008 end-page: 16094 ident: b0025 article-title: Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – volume: 116 start-page: 23209 year: 2019 end-page: 23215 ident: b0145 article-title: A global-level assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas at resisting anthropogenic pressures publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – volume: 2 year: 2015 ident: b0420 article-title: The national forest inventory in China: History - results - international context publication-title: Forest Ecosystems – volume: 93 start-page: 230 year: 2017 end-page: 257 ident: b0210 article-title: PES impact and leakages over several cohorts: The case of the PSA-H in Yucatan publication-title: Mexico. Land Economics – volume: 82 start-page: 2295 year: 2014 end-page: 2326 ident: b0090 article-title: Robust nonparametric confidence intervals for regression-discontinuity designs publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 169 year: 2020 ident: b0285 article-title: Forest cover effects of payments for ecosystem services: Evidence from an impact evaluation in Brazil publication-title: Ecological Economics – volume: 88 start-page: 428 year: 1998 end-page: 432 ident: b0195 article-title: China’s state enterprises: Public goods, externalities, and Coase publication-title: The American Economic Review – volume: 4 start-page: 795 year: 2017 end-page: 820 ident: b0315 article-title: Heterogeneous local spillovers from protected areas in Costa Rica publication-title: Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists – volume: 88 start-page: 613 year: 2012 end-page: 638 ident: b0010 article-title: Forest conservation and slippage: Evidence from Mexico’s national payments for ecosystem services program publication-title: Land Economics – volume: 7 start-page: 216 year: 2014 end-page: 223 ident: b0100 article-title: Protected area effectiveness in reducing conversion in a rapidly vanishing ecosystem: The Brazilian Cerrado publication-title: Conservation Letters – volume: 357 start-page: 267 year: 2017 end-page: 273 ident: b0190 article-title: Cash for carbon: A randomized trial of payments for ecosystem services to reduce deforestation publication-title: Science – volume: 116 start-page: 14916 year: 2019 end-page: 14925 ident: b0170 article-title: Impacts of protected areas vary with the level of government: Comparing avoided deforestation across agencies in the Brazilian Amazon publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – volume: 15 start-page: 290 year: 2013 end-page: 304 ident: b0120 article-title: Chinese forest policy reforms after 1998: The case of the natural forest protection program and the slope land conversion program publication-title: International Forestry Review – volume: 24 start-page: 306 year: 2014 end-page: 320 ident: b0330 article-title: Assessing the likelihood of widespread landholder adoption of afforestation and reforestation projects publication-title: Global Environmental Change – volume: 107 start-page: 3611 year: 2010 end-page: 3615 ident: b0255 article-title: Evidence for a recent increase in forest growth publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – volume: 31 start-page: 3 year: 2017 end-page: 32 ident: b0030 article-title: The state of applied econometrics: Causality and policy evaluation publication-title: Journal of Economic Perspectives – volume: 78 start-page: 78 year: 2017 end-page: 87 ident: b0350 article-title: An empirical analysis of the driving forces of forest cover change in northeast China publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics – volume: 23 start-page: 338 year: 2021 end-page: 350 ident: b0305 article-title: China’s natural forest protection program: Evolution, impact and challenges publication-title: International Forestry Review – volume: 141 year: 2019 ident: b0110 article-title: Valuing the urban Hukou in China: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design for housing prices publication-title: Journal of Development Economics – volume: 14 start-page: 909 year: 2014 end-page: 946 ident: b0085 article-title: Robust data-driven inference in the regression-discontinuity design publication-title: Stata Journal – volume: 89 start-page: 116 year: 2018 end-page: 135 ident: b0200 article-title: The economics of urban afforestation: Insights from an integrated bioeconomic-health model publication-title: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management – reference: Alice Moz-Christofoletti, M., Carvalho Pereda, P., & Campanharo, W. (2022). – volume: 47 start-page: 5 year: 2009 end-page: 86 ident: b0185 article-title: Recent developments in the econometrics of program evaluation publication-title: Journal of Economic Literature – volume: 177 year: 2020 ident: b0250 article-title: Evaluating the evaluated socioeconomic impacts of China’s sloping land conversion program publication-title: Ecological Economics – year: 2010 ident: b0390 article-title: Collective forest tenure reform in China: What has been achieved so far? publication-title: World Bank Conference on Land Governance – volume: 98 start-page: 44 year: 2019 end-page: 53 ident: b0235 article-title: Livelihood mushroomed: Examining household level impacts of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) under new management regime in China’s state forests publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics – volume: 137 start-page: 137 year: 2022 ident: b0140 article-title: Forest plantation subsidies: Impact evaluation of the Chilean case publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics – volume: 11 year: 2020 ident: b0380 article-title: Just ten percent of the global terrestrial protected area network is structurally connected via intact land publication-title: Nature Communications – reference: . – volume: 86 start-page: 8 year: 2017 end-page: 28 ident: b0360 article-title: Parks versus PES: Evaluating direct and incentive-based land conservation in Mexico publication-title: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management – volume: 7 start-page: 1 year: 2015 end-page: 40 ident: b0015 article-title: Only one tree from each seed? Environmental effectiveness and poverty alleviation in Mexico’s payments for ecosystem services program publication-title: American Economic Journal Economic Policy – volume: 88 start-page: 422 year: 1998 end-page: 427 ident: b0220 article-title: Competition, policy burdens, and state-owned enterprise reform publication-title: The American Economic Review – volume: 47 start-page: 177 year: 2014 end-page: 189 ident: b0365 article-title: Evaluating forest policy implementation effectiveness with a cross-scale remote sensing analysis in a priority conservation area of Southwest China publication-title: Applied Geography – volume: 9 start-page: 13 year: 2006 end-page: 31 ident: b0075 article-title: Industrial forest plantation subsidies: Impacts and implications publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics – volume: 20 start-page: 267 year: 2014 end-page: 285 ident: b0225 article-title: The estimation of long term impacts of China’s key priority forestry programs on rural household incomes publication-title: Journal of Forest Economics – volume: 67 start-page: 232 year: 2008 end-page: 243 ident: b0205 article-title: Biodiversity value and the optimal location of forest conservation sites in Southern Finland publication-title: Ecological Economics – volume: 114 start-page: 4123 year: 2017 end-page: 4128 ident: b0045 article-title: Titling indigenous communities protects forests in the Peruvian Amazon publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – volume: 6 start-page: 379 year: 2004 end-page: 390 ident: b0395 article-title: An empirical analysis of China’s state-owned forests publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics – volume: 181 start-page: 1 year: 2015 end-page: 8 ident: b0070 article-title: The relative effectiveness of protected areas, a logging ban, and sacred areas for old-growth forest protection in southwest China publication-title: Biological Conservation – volume: 11 start-page: 3 year: 2017 end-page: 23 ident: b0080 article-title: What drives deforestation and what stops it? A meta-analysis publication-title: Review of Environmental Economics and Policy – volume: 96 start-page: 359 year: 2017 end-page: 374 ident: b0060 article-title: The effectiveness of payments for environmental services publication-title: World Development – year: 2008 ident: b0230 article-title: Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China’s policies for ecosystem services publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – volume: 37 start-page: 268 year: 2009 end-page: 285 ident: b0155 article-title: How sustainable are sustainable development programs? The case of the sloping land conversion program in China publication-title: World Development – volume: 135 start-page: 2135 year: 2020 end-page: 2185 ident: b0165 article-title: Watering down environmental regulation in China publication-title: Quarterly Journal of Economics – year: 2010 ident: b0335 article-title: China’s forestry development report – volume: 73 start-page: 271 year: 2016 end-page: 276 ident: b0410 article-title: Empirical linkages between devolved tenure systems and forest conditions: An introduction to the literature review publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics – volume: 31 start-page: 50 year: 2015 end-page: 61 ident: b0050 article-title: Paper park performance: Mexico’s natural protected areas in the 1990s publication-title: Global Environmental Change – volume: 48 start-page: 281 year: 2010 end-page: 355 ident: b0215 article-title: Regression discontinuity designs in economics publication-title: Journal of Economic Literature – volume: 111 start-page: 10113 year: 2014 end-page: 10118 ident: b0375 article-title: Tropical countries may be willing to pay more to protect their forests publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – volume: 54 start-page: 1041 year: 2018 end-page: 1059 ident: b0240 article-title: The effect of the sloping land conversion programme on farm household productivity in Rural China publication-title: The Journal of Development Studies – volume: 45 start-page: 429 year: 2010 end-page: 441 ident: b0415 article-title: China’s primary programs of terrestrial ecosystem restoration: Initiation, implementation, and challenges publication-title: Environmental Management – volume: 110 start-page: 475 year: 2020 end-page: 525 ident: b0020 article-title: Loss in the time of cholera: Long-run impact of a disease epidemic on the urban landscape publication-title: American Economic Review – volume: 16 start-page: 1112 year: 2002 end-page: 1122 ident: b0160 article-title: Biophysical factors, land use, and species viability in and around nature reserves publication-title: Conservation Biology – volume: 142 start-page: 615 year: 2008 end-page: 635 ident: b0180 article-title: Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice publication-title: Journal of Econometrics – volume: 9 year: 2009 ident: b0300 article-title: Park location affects forest protection: land characteristics cause differences in park impacts across Costa Rica publication-title: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy: Frontiers of Economic Analysis & Policy – reference: National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2021). – volume: 106 start-page: 1217 year: 2024 end-page: 1240 ident: b0320 article-title: Land use impacts of the conservation reserve program: An analysis of rejected offers publication-title: American Journal of Agricultural Economics – volume: 10 start-page: 1 year: 2014 end-page: 95 ident: b0325 article-title: Effects of payment for environmental services (PES) on deforestation and poverty in low and middle income countries: A systematic review publication-title: Campbell Systematic Reviews – year: 2017 ident: b0405 article-title: Chinese population spatial distribution kilometer grid dataset publication-title: Resource and Environmental Science Data Register and Publishing System – volume: 61 start-page: 79 year: 2011 end-page: 94 ident: b0125 article-title: Pressure cookers or pressure valves: Do roads lead to deforestation in China? publication-title: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management – volume: 12 start-page: 45 year: 2020 end-page: 64 ident: b0065 article-title: The effectiveness of forest conservation policies and programs publication-title: Annual Review of Resource Economics – volume: 127 year: 2024 ident: b0280 article-title: Estimating the effectiveness of forest protection using regression discontinuity publication-title: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management – volume: 114 start-page: 10384 year: 2017 end-page: 10389 ident: b0135 article-title: New evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River Policy publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – volume: 2 year: 2016 ident: b0370 article-title: Effects of conservation policy on China’s forest recovery publication-title: Science Advances – volume: 46 year: 2020 ident: b0385 article-title: Promotion of afforestation in New Zealand’s marginal agricultural lands through payments for environmental services publication-title: Ecosystem Services – volume: 57 start-page: 595 year: 2006 end-page: 607 ident: b0400 article-title: China’s ecological rehabilitation: Unprecedented efforts, dramatic impacts, and requisite policies publication-title: Ecological Economics – volume: 117 start-page: 24649 year: 2020 end-page: 24651 ident: b0130 article-title: Tree planting has the potential to increase carbon sequestration capacity of forests in the United States publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – reference: . – volume: 115 start-page: 4039 year: 2018 end-page: 4044 ident: b0245 article-title: Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010 publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – volume: 7 start-page: 218 year: 2016 ident: b0345 article-title: Has China’s natural forest protection program protected forests?—Heilongjiang’s experience publication-title: Forests – volume: 98 start-page: 90 year: 2019 end-page: 95 ident: b0175 article-title: 40 years of China’s forest reforms: Summary and outlook publication-title: In Forest Policy and Economics – volume: 55 start-page: 7 year: 2014 end-page: 20 ident: b0295 article-title: Governance, location and avoided deforestation from protected areas: greater restrictions can have lower impact, due to differences in location publication-title: World Development – volume: 13 start-page: 231 year: 2011 end-page: 238 ident: b0425 article-title: Impact of natural forest protection program policies on forests in northeastern China publication-title: Forestry Studies in China – volume: 97 start-page: 104 year: 2007 end-page: 107 ident: b0040 article-title: Evaluating the worker profiling and reemployment services system using a regression discontinuity approach publication-title: American Economic Review – volume: 101 start-page: 211 year: 2019 end-page: 229 ident: b0355 article-title: Effectiveness of a REDD+ project in reducing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon publication-title: American Journal of Agricultural Economics – volume: 84 start-page: 943 year: 2002 end-page: 960 ident: b0115 article-title: Determinants of deforestation and the economics of protection: An application to Mexico publication-title: American Journal of Agricultural Economics – volume: 54 start-page: 1041 issue: 6 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0240 article-title: The effect of the sloping land conversion programme on farm household productivity in Rural China publication-title: The Journal of Development Studies doi: 10.1080/00220388.2017.1324145 – volume: 101 start-page: 211 issue: 1 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0355 article-title: Effectiveness of a REDD+ project in reducing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon publication-title: American Journal of Agricultural Economics doi: 10.1093/ajae/aay028 – year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0405 article-title: Chinese population spatial distribution kilometer grid dataset – volume: 4 start-page: 795 issue: 3 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0315 article-title: Heterogeneous local spillovers from protected areas in Costa Rica publication-title: Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists doi: 10.1086/692089 – volume: 84 start-page: 943 issue: 4 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0115 article-title: Determinants of deforestation and the economics of protection: An application to Mexico publication-title: American Journal of Agricultural Economics doi: 10.1111/1467-8276.00359 – volume: 7 start-page: 218 issue: 12 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0345 article-title: Has China’s natural forest protection program protected forests?—Heilongjiang’s experience publication-title: Forests doi: 10.3390/f7100218 – volume: 181 start-page: 1 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0070 article-title: The relative effectiveness of protected areas, a logging ban, and sacred areas for old-growth forest protection in southwest China publication-title: Biological Conservation doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.043 – volume: 57 start-page: 595 issue: 4 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0400 article-title: China’s ecological rehabilitation: Unprecedented efforts, dramatic impacts, and requisite policies publication-title: Ecological Economics doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.05.008 – volume: 107 start-page: 3611 issue: 8 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0255 article-title: Evidence for a recent increase in forest growth publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912376107 – volume: 88 start-page: 422 issue: 2 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0220 article-title: Competition, policy burdens, and state-owned enterprise reform publication-title: The American Economic Review – volume: 86 start-page: 8 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0360 article-title: Parks versus PES: Evaluating direct and incentive-based land conservation in Mexico publication-title: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management doi: 10.1016/j.jeem.2016.11.010 – volume: 98 start-page: 90 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0175 article-title: 40 years of China’s forest reforms: Summary and outlook publication-title: In Forest Policy and Economics doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2018.09.008 – volume: 111 start-page: 10113 issue: 28 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0375 article-title: Tropical countries may be willing to pay more to protect their forests publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences doi: 10.1073/pnas.1312246111 – volume: 115 start-page: 1449 issue: 531 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0105 article-title: Simple local polynomial density estimators publication-title: Journal of the American Statistical Association doi: 10.1080/01621459.2019.1635480 – year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0335 – volume: 47 start-page: 5 issue: 1 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0185 article-title: Recent developments in the econometrics of program evaluation publication-title: Journal of Economic Literature doi: 10.1257/jel.47.1.5 – volume: 169 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0285 article-title: Forest cover effects of payments for ecosystem services: Evidence from an impact evaluation in Brazil publication-title: Ecological Economics doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106522 – volume: 37 start-page: 268 issue: 1 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0155 article-title: How sustainable are sustainable development programs? The case of the sloping land conversion program in China publication-title: World Development doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.05.003 – volume: 48 start-page: 281 issue: 2 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0215 article-title: Regression discontinuity designs in economics publication-title: Journal of Economic Literature doi: 10.1257/jel.48.2.281 – volume: 137 start-page: 137 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0140 article-title: Forest plantation subsidies: Impact evaluation of the Chilean case publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102696 – volume: 10 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0325 article-title: Effects of payment for environmental services (PES) on deforestation and poverty in low and middle income countries: A systematic review publication-title: Campbell Systematic Reviews – volume: 97 start-page: 104 issue: 2 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0040 article-title: Evaluating the worker profiling and reemployment services system using a regression discontinuity approach publication-title: American Economic Review doi: 10.1257/aer.97.2.104 – volume: 96 start-page: 359 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0060 article-title: The effectiveness of payments for environmental services publication-title: World Development doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 – volume: 47 start-page: 177 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0365 article-title: Evaluating forest policy implementation effectiveness with a cross-scale remote sensing analysis in a priority conservation area of Southwest China publication-title: Applied Geography doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.12.010 – year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0230 article-title: Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China’s policies for ecosystem services publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – volume: 11 issue: 1 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0380 article-title: Just ten percent of the global terrestrial protected area network is structurally connected via intact land publication-title: Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18457-x – volume: 110 start-page: 475 issue: 2 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0020 article-title: Loss in the time of cholera: Long-run impact of a disease epidemic on the urban landscape publication-title: American Economic Review doi: 10.1257/aer.20190759 – volume: 31 start-page: 50 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0050 article-title: Paper park performance: Mexico’s natural protected areas in the 1990s publication-title: Global Environmental Change doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.12.004 – ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0005 doi: 10.1007/s10640-022-00659-0 – volume: 67 start-page: 232 issue: 2 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0205 article-title: Biodiversity value and the optimal location of forest conservation sites in Southern Finland publication-title: Ecological Economics doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.05.005 – year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0390 article-title: Collective forest tenure reform in China: What has been achieved so far? – volume: 11 start-page: 3 issue: 1 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0080 article-title: What drives deforestation and what stops it? A meta-analysis publication-title: Review of Environmental Economics and Policy doi: 10.1093/reep/rew013 – volume: 115 start-page: 4039 issue: 16 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0245 article-title: Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010 publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America doi: 10.1073/pnas.1700294115 – volume: 61 start-page: 79 issue: 1 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0125 article-title: Pressure cookers or pressure valves: Do roads lead to deforestation in China? publication-title: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management doi: 10.1016/j.jeem.2010.04.005 – volume: 114 start-page: 10384 issue: 39 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0135 article-title: New evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River Policy publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America doi: 10.1073/pnas.1616784114 – ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0270 – volume: 24 start-page: 306 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0330 article-title: Assessing the likelihood of widespread landholder adoption of afforestation and reforestation projects publication-title: Global Environmental Change doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.009 – volume: 15 start-page: 290 issue: 3 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0120 article-title: Chinese forest policy reforms after 1998: The case of the natural forest protection program and the slope land conversion program publication-title: International Forestry Review doi: 10.1505/146554813807700128 – volume: 116 start-page: 23209 issue: 46 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0145 article-title: A global-level assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas at resisting anthropogenic pressures publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America doi: 10.1073/pnas.1908221116 – volume: 89 start-page: 116 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0200 article-title: The economics of urban afforestation: Insights from an integrated bioeconomic-health model publication-title: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management doi: 10.1016/j.jeem.2018.03.007 – volume: 46 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0385 article-title: Promotion of afforestation in New Zealand’s marginal agricultural lands through payments for environmental services publication-title: Ecosystem Services doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101212 – volume: 122 start-page: 585 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0055 article-title: Protected areas under weak institutions: Evidence from Colombia publication-title: World Development doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.019 – volume: 177 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0250 article-title: Evaluating the evaluated socioeconomic impacts of China’s sloping land conversion program publication-title: Ecological Economics doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106785 – volume: 357 start-page: 267 issue: 6348 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0190 article-title: Cash for carbon: A randomized trial of payments for ecosystem services to reduce deforestation publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.aan0568 – volume: 139 start-page: 157 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0290 article-title: Agricultural extension, intra-household allocation and malaria publication-title: Journal of Development Economics doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.03.006 – volume: 7 start-page: 216 issue: 3 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0100 article-title: Protected area effectiveness in reducing conversion in a rapidly vanishing ecosystem: The Brazilian Cerrado publication-title: Conservation Letters doi: 10.1111/conl.12049 – volume: 117 start-page: 24649 issue: 40 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0130 article-title: Tree planting has the potential to increase carbon sequestration capacity of forests in the United States publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America doi: 10.1073/pnas.2010840117 – volume: 6 start-page: 379 issue: 3–4 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0395 article-title: An empirical analysis of China’s state-owned forests publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2004.03.013 – volume: 105 start-page: 16089 issue: 42 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0025 article-title: Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences doi: 10.1073/pnas.0800437105 – volume: 142 start-page: 615 issue: 2 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0180 article-title: Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice publication-title: Journal of Econometrics doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.001 – volume: 12 start-page: 45 issue: 1 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0065 article-title: The effectiveness of forest conservation policies and programs publication-title: Annual Review of Resource Economics doi: 10.1146/annurev-resource-110119-025703 – volume: 78 start-page: 78 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0350 article-title: An empirical analysis of the driving forces of forest cover change in northeast China publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.006 – volume: 13 start-page: 231 issue: 3 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0425 article-title: Impact of natural forest protection program policies on forests in northeastern China publication-title: Forestry Studies in China doi: 10.1007/s11632-011-0302-8 – volume: 20 start-page: 267 issue: 3 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0225 article-title: The estimation of long term impacts of China’s key priority forestry programs on rural household incomes publication-title: Journal of Forest Economics doi: 10.1016/j.jfe.2014.08.001 – volume: 135 start-page: 2135 issue: 4 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0165 article-title: Watering down environmental regulation in China publication-title: Quarterly Journal of Economics doi: 10.1093/qje/qjaa024 – volume: 88 start-page: 428 issue: 2 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0195 article-title: China’s state enterprises: Public goods, externalities, and Coase publication-title: The American Economic Review – volume: 114 start-page: 4123 issue: 16 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0045 article-title: Titling indigenous communities protects forests in the Peruvian Amazon publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences doi: 10.1073/pnas.1603290114 – volume: 9 issue: 2 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0300 article-title: Park location affects forest protection: land characteristics cause differences in park impacts across Costa Rica publication-title: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy: Frontiers of Economic Analysis & Policy doi: 10.2202/1935-1682.1990 – volume: 31 start-page: 3 issue: 2 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0030 article-title: The state of applied econometrics: Causality and policy evaluation publication-title: Journal of Economic Perspectives doi: 10.1257/jep.31.2.3 – volume: 45 start-page: 429 issue: 3 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0415 article-title: China’s primary programs of terrestrial ecosystem restoration: Initiation, implementation, and challenges publication-title: Environmental Management doi: 10.1007/s00267-009-9373-x – volume: 7 start-page: 1 issue: 4 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0015 article-title: Only one tree from each seed? Environmental effectiveness and poverty alleviation in Mexico’s payments for ecosystem services program publication-title: American Economic Journal Economic Policy doi: 10.1257/pol.20130139 – volume: 98 start-page: 44 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0235 article-title: Livelihood mushroomed: Examining household level impacts of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) under new management regime in China’s state forests publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2018.06.001 – volume: 55 start-page: 7 issue: C year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0295 article-title: Governance, location and avoided deforestation from protected areas: greater restrictions can have lower impact, due to differences in location publication-title: World Development doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.011 – volume: 141 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0110 article-title: Valuing the urban Hukou in China: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design for housing prices publication-title: Journal of Development Economics doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.102381 – volume: 29 start-page: 1368 issue: 5 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0310 article-title: Effectiveness of China’s national forest protection program and nature reserves publication-title: Conservation Biology doi: 10.1111/cobi.12561 – volume: 351 start-page: 597 issue: 6273 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0275 article-title: Europe’s forest management did not mitigate climate warming publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.aad7270 – volume: 2 issue: 1 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0420 article-title: The national forest inventory in China: History - results - international context publication-title: Forest Ecosystems doi: 10.1186/s40663-015-0047-2 – volume: 88 start-page: 613 issue: 4 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0010 article-title: Forest conservation and slippage: Evidence from Mexico’s national payments for ecosystem services program publication-title: Land Economics doi: 10.3368/le.88.4.613 – volume: 14 start-page: 909 issue: 4 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0085 article-title: Robust data-driven inference in the regression-discontinuity design publication-title: Stata Journal doi: 10.1177/1536867X1401400413 – volume: 127 year: 2024 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0280 article-title: Estimating the effectiveness of forest protection using regression discontinuity publication-title: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management doi: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103021 – volume: 2 issue: 3 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0370 article-title: Effects of conservation policy on China’s forest recovery publication-title: Science Advances doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1500965 – volume: 116 start-page: 14916 issue: 30 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0170 article-title: Impacts of protected areas vary with the level of government: Comparing avoided deforestation across agencies in the Brazilian Amazon publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences doi: 10.1073/pnas.1802877116 – volume: 117 start-page: 20495 issue: 34 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0035 article-title: Collective property rights reduce deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences doi: 10.1073/pnas.1917874117 – volume: 9 start-page: 13 issue: 1 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0075 article-title: Industrial forest plantation subsidies: Impacts and implications publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2005.01.004 – volume: 23 start-page: 338 issue: 3 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0305 article-title: China’s natural forest protection program: Evolution, impact and challenges publication-title: International Forestry Review doi: 10.1505/146554821833992811 – volume: 106 start-page: 1217 issue: 3 year: 2024 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0320 article-title: Land use impacts of the conservation reserve program: An analysis of rejected offers publication-title: American Journal of Agricultural Economics doi: 10.1111/ajae.12425 – ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0265 – volume: 73 start-page: 271 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0410 article-title: Empirical linkages between devolved tenure systems and forest conditions: An introduction to the literature review publication-title: Forest Policy and Economics doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2016.05.010 – volume: 16 start-page: 1112 issue: 4 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0160 article-title: Biophysical factors, land use, and species viability in and around nature reserves publication-title: Conservation Biology doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00545.x – volume: 57 start-page: 21 issue: 1 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0150 article-title: Quasi-experimental and experimental approaches to environmental economics publication-title: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management doi: 10.1016/j.jeem.2008.02.004 – volume: 82 start-page: 2295 issue: 6 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0090 article-title: Robust nonparametric confidence intervals for regression-discontinuity designs publication-title: Econometrica doi: 10.3982/ECTA11757 – volume: 93 start-page: 230 issue: 2 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166_b0210 article-title: PES impact and leakages over several cohorts: The case of the PSA-H in Yucatan publication-title: Mexico. Land Economics doi: 10.3368/le.93.2.230 |
| SSID | ssj0005397 |
| Score | 2.4791906 |
| Snippet | •The NFPP has a moderately positive effect on forest cover.•Positive effects are larger for village-managed forests than for state-owned forests.•Redirecting a... |
| SourceID | crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 107166 |
| SubjectTerms | China’s natural forest protection program Forest conservation and restoration Forestland property right regimes Policy impact evaluation Spatial regression discontinuity |
| Title | A regression discontinuity assessment of the differential impacts of China’s natural forest protection program across forestland property right regimes |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166 |
| Volume | 196 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos001566369800002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection Journals 2021 issn: 0305-750X databaseCode: AIEXJ dateStart: 20160601 customDbUrl: isFulltext: true dateEnd: 99991231 titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0005397 providerName: Elsevier |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lj9MwELZKFwkuiKdYXvKBW5SSh-0kxwotAg4rEIsUcYlsx7vtapVWTbtaOPE39pfwf_gljF9JWlbAHlClKHVqO-l8nRm738wg9JIcgxfCBAljmWUhvBNhoUAZEkIFjRXYeMVNsYns8DAvy-LDaPTDx8Kcn2VNk19cFMv_KmpoA2Hr0NlriLsbFBrgHIQORxA7HP9J8NNgpU4su7XR_79oMvq82Whvm3dpOD01wNdHWZvaHSZisnUMjYZ7IkTRBib_p411BDMSuOwOegZH8Aq4sbfuA2c2_cBiqTP3BmYDQN9VF27ivGHL5Kl73lJHD5pvtOw_zncaPs1Aie02fpnxxVfuLLD2yZXVXyUg_-TbTLkrbmsjoQOaiAvpimgILk25pa6LocKF1Wtsy7b8ZgvstsTpxKSehUeZ6CkmfYft5Ns7RrGjKnoW3Gnlx6n0OJUd5wbaSzJa5GO0N313UL7v2UWpqevTPcEgOP3qO7raLxr4Okd30R23SMFTC657aKSa--iWj2FvH6DLKe5BhrdAhnuQ4cUxBpDhIciwA5m-ZkD28_tlix28sEUP7uGFHbywhRfu4YU9vLCBF3bweog-vzk4ev02dEU-QgmL93WYSgUSjbOUCMVETWiuGK1JHNVJXrM6FgWcsZhJeAloUJRIkVPOFWPQM08foXGzaNRjhHMh01qlEee6onrCeRRxCesDyVnEiUr20Sv_FVdLm8ul-rN491HhJVE5j9R6mhWA7C99n1x7tqfodv8reIbG69VGPUc35fl63q5eOIT9Augou8U |
| linkProvider | Elsevier |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+regression+discontinuity+assessment+of+the+differential+impacts+of+China%E2%80%99s+natural+forest+protection+program+across+forestland+property+right+regimes&rft.jtitle=World+development&rft.au=Liu%2C+Qi&rft.au=Liu%2C+Shilei&rft.au=Liu%2C+Zhaoyang&rft.au=Deng%2C+Xiangzheng&rft.date=2025-12-01&rft.issn=0305-750X&rft.volume=196&rft.spage=107166&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2025.107166&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1016_j_worlddev_2025_107166 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0305-750X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0305-750X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0305-750X&client=summon |