A bi-level mixed integer non-linear programming model to solve the billboard location problem in cities

A bi-level optimization model is proposed for locating billboards on road network links in cities. Since billboard locations are largely driven by the flow on the underlying network, factors that impact traffic considerations of users are accounted for, including link congestion and road link pricin...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of construction management Vol. 25; no. 16; pp. 1929 - 1937
Main Authors: Hammad, Ahmed W. A., Tam, Vivian W. Y., Haddad, Assed N.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis 10.12.2025
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ISSN:1562-3599, 2331-2327
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:A bi-level optimization model is proposed for locating billboards on road network links in cities. Since billboard locations are largely driven by the flow on the underlying network, factors that impact traffic considerations of users are accounted for, including link congestion and road link pricing. Safety aspects associated with billboard distraction to users of the network are also incorporated within the proposed Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) model. The model is multi-objective in nature, and it is solved through adopting the augmented ε -constraint method to obtain a sample of non-dominated points on the Pareto front. Due to the non-convexity induced by the bi-level structure of the model, a model reformulation scheme based on the use of equilibrium conditions is presented. A linearization scheme is also adopted that involves the introduction of mixed integer variables.
ISSN:1562-3599
2331-2327
DOI:10.1080/15623599.2025.2491759