Performance characteristics of respirable parallel particle impactors (PPI)
Parallel Particle Impactors (PPIs) for respirable aerosols were introduced by SKC Inc. approximately 10 years ago and have been applied in the field; however, their collection efficiency curves have not yet been published. PPI consists of four impactors with different 50% cutoff sizes (d ) arranged...
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| Published in: | Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene pp. 1 - 18 |
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| Language: | English |
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18.07.2025
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| Abstract | Parallel Particle Impactors (PPIs) for respirable aerosols were introduced by SKC Inc. approximately 10 years ago and have been applied in the field; however, their collection efficiency curves have not yet been published. PPI consists of four impactors with different 50% cutoff sizes (d
) arranged in parallel, and their resulting performance is designed to follow the convention for respiratory aerosol sampling. This study investigated the collection efficiency curves and d
values of disposable and reusable PPI models designed to operate at flow rates of 2, 4, and 8 L/min. The samplers were challenged with polydisperse sodium chloride (NaCl) particles and select sizes of polystyrene latex (PSL) particles. Bias maps and Bias Performance Criterion (BPC) values were calculated for challenge aerosols with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) ranging from 1 to 25 µm and geometric standard deviations (GSDs) ranging from 1.75 to 3.5. Results showed that 2, 4, and 8 L/min disposable PPI models had d
values close to 4 µm, with minimal bias compared to an ideal respirable sampler, and an average BPC exceeding 95%. The reusable 2 L/min model also closely followed the respirable convention, with a d
of 4.07 µm and a BPC of 100%. However, the d
for the reusable 4 L/min and 8 L/min units was slightly higher, at 4.27 µm.
∼7% increase in the sampling flow rate to 4.3 L/min resulted in the d
of ∼4 µm, with a BPC of 100%. Overall, the respirable PPI samplers, particularly their disposable models, show excellent adherence to the respirable aerosol sampling convention and contribute to the arsenal of tools for estimating exposures to respirable particles. The availability of PPI samplers operating at different flow rates offers flexibility in selecting a suitable sampler model based on available personal sampling pumps, anticipated concentrations of the respirable aerosol fraction, and desired sampling times. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Parallel Particle Impactors (PPIs) for respirable aerosols were introduced by SKC Inc. approximately 10 years ago and have been applied in the field; however, their collection efficiency curves have not yet been published. PPI consists of four impactors with different 50% cutoff sizes (d
) arranged in parallel, and their resulting performance is designed to follow the convention for respiratory aerosol sampling. This study investigated the collection efficiency curves and d
values of disposable and reusable PPI models designed to operate at flow rates of 2, 4, and 8 L/min. The samplers were challenged with polydisperse sodium chloride (NaCl) particles and select sizes of polystyrene latex (PSL) particles. Bias maps and Bias Performance Criterion (BPC) values were calculated for challenge aerosols with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) ranging from 1 to 25 µm and geometric standard deviations (GSDs) ranging from 1.75 to 3.5. Results showed that 2, 4, and 8 L/min disposable PPI models had d
values close to 4 µm, with minimal bias compared to an ideal respirable sampler, and an average BPC exceeding 95%. The reusable 2 L/min model also closely followed the respirable convention, with a d
of 4.07 µm and a BPC of 100%. However, the d
for the reusable 4 L/min and 8 L/min units was slightly higher, at 4.27 µm.
∼7% increase in the sampling flow rate to 4.3 L/min resulted in the d
of ∼4 µm, with a BPC of 100%. Overall, the respirable PPI samplers, particularly their disposable models, show excellent adherence to the respirable aerosol sampling convention and contribute to the arsenal of tools for estimating exposures to respirable particles. The availability of PPI samplers operating at different flow rates offers flexibility in selecting a suitable sampler model based on available personal sampling pumps, anticipated concentrations of the respirable aerosol fraction, and desired sampling times. Parallel Particle Impactors (PPIs) for respirable aerosols were introduced by SKC Inc. approximately 10 years ago and have been applied in the field; however, their collection efficiency curves have not yet been published. PPI consists of four impactors with different 50% cutoff sizes (d50) arranged in parallel, and their resulting performance is designed to follow the convention for respiratory aerosol sampling. This study investigated the collection efficiency curves and d50 values of disposable and reusable PPI models designed to operate at flow rates of 2, 4, and 8 L/min. The samplers were challenged with polydisperse sodium chloride (NaCl) particles and select sizes of polystyrene latex (PSL) particles. Bias maps and Bias Performance Criterion (BPC) values were calculated for challenge aerosols with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) ranging from 1 to 25 µm and geometric standard deviations (GSDs) ranging from 1.75 to 3.5. Results showed that 2, 4, and 8 L/min disposable PPI models had d50 values close to 4 µm, with minimal bias compared to an ideal respirable sampler, and an average BPC exceeding 95%. The reusable 2 L/min model also closely followed the respirable convention, with a d50 of 4.07 µm and a BPC of 100%. However, the d50 for the reusable 4 L/min and 8 L/min units was slightly higher, at 4.27 µm. A ∼7% increase in the sampling flow rate to 4.3 L/min resulted in the d50 of ∼4 µm, with a BPC of 100%. Overall, the respirable PPI samplers, particularly their disposable models, show excellent adherence to the respirable aerosol sampling convention and contribute to the arsenal of tools for estimating exposures to respirable particles. The availability of PPI samplers operating at different flow rates offers flexibility in selecting a suitable sampler model based on available personal sampling pumps, anticipated concentrations of the respirable aerosol fraction, and desired sampling times.Parallel Particle Impactors (PPIs) for respirable aerosols were introduced by SKC Inc. approximately 10 years ago and have been applied in the field; however, their collection efficiency curves have not yet been published. PPI consists of four impactors with different 50% cutoff sizes (d50) arranged in parallel, and their resulting performance is designed to follow the convention for respiratory aerosol sampling. This study investigated the collection efficiency curves and d50 values of disposable and reusable PPI models designed to operate at flow rates of 2, 4, and 8 L/min. The samplers were challenged with polydisperse sodium chloride (NaCl) particles and select sizes of polystyrene latex (PSL) particles. Bias maps and Bias Performance Criterion (BPC) values were calculated for challenge aerosols with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) ranging from 1 to 25 µm and geometric standard deviations (GSDs) ranging from 1.75 to 3.5. Results showed that 2, 4, and 8 L/min disposable PPI models had d50 values close to 4 µm, with minimal bias compared to an ideal respirable sampler, and an average BPC exceeding 95%. The reusable 2 L/min model also closely followed the respirable convention, with a d50 of 4.07 µm and a BPC of 100%. However, the d50 for the reusable 4 L/min and 8 L/min units was slightly higher, at 4.27 µm. A ∼7% increase in the sampling flow rate to 4.3 L/min resulted in the d50 of ∼4 µm, with a BPC of 100%. Overall, the respirable PPI samplers, particularly their disposable models, show excellent adherence to the respirable aerosol sampling convention and contribute to the arsenal of tools for estimating exposures to respirable particles. The availability of PPI samplers operating at different flow rates offers flexibility in selecting a suitable sampler model based on available personal sampling pumps, anticipated concentrations of the respirable aerosol fraction, and desired sampling times. |
| Author | Han, Taewon T. Mainelis, Gediminas |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012060 10.1080/08828032.1986.10390497 10.1186/1743-8977-10-12 10.1093/annhyg/meq050 10.1177/14680874241274039 10.3390/ijerph18136819 10.1080/15459624.2020.1868481 10.1080/00028899908984479 10.1080/15428119891010938 10.1080/15459620701763723 10.1016/S0003-4878(98)00031-3 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103715 10.1016/0021-8502(94)00131-H 10.1080/15298668391405940 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152657 10.1002/ajim.23451 10.1201/9781003069867-4 10.3390/ijerph17061923 10.1093/annweh/wxx057 10.3390/ijerph20032429 10.1093/annhyg/mev097 10.1093/annweh/wxad012 10.1186/s12940-023-01036-0 10.3390/ijerph17186820 10.1016/0021-8502(78)90072-1 10.1016/s0003-4878(00)00014-4 |
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| Keywords | bias map 50% cutoff diameter collection efficiency chamber study respirable sampler Aerosol sampling |
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| References_xml | – ident: e_1_3_4_35_1 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012060 – ident: e_1_3_4_34_1 doi: 10.1080/08828032.1986.10390497 – volume: 36 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 1992 ident: e_1_3_4_21_1 article-title: The performance of respirable dust samplers: Sampler bias, precision and inaccuracy publication-title: Ann Occup Hyg – volume-title: Testing of high flow rate respirable samplers to assess the technical feasibility of measuring 0.05 mg m-1 respirable crystalline silica year: 2010 ident: e_1_3_4_32_1 – ident: e_1_3_4_5_1 doi: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-12 – ident: e_1_3_4_19_1 doi: 10.1093/annhyg/meq050 – start-page: 77 volume-title: Occupational exposure sampling strategy manual year: 1977 ident: e_1_3_4_20_1 – volume-title: Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants year: 2001 ident: e_1_3_4_2_1 – ident: e_1_3_4_14_1 doi: 10.1177/14680874241274039 – ident: e_1_3_4_15_1 doi: 10.3390/ijerph18136819 – ident: e_1_3_4_8_1 doi: 10.1080/15459624.2020.1868481 – ident: e_1_3_4_6_1 doi: 10.1080/00028899908984479 – ident: e_1_3_4_7_1 doi: 10.1080/15428119891010938 – volume-title: Aerosol technology: properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles year: 1999 ident: e_1_3_4_17_1 – volume-title: Design and calibration of a multi-purpose aerosol sampler year: 1987 ident: e_1_3_4_18_1 – ident: e_1_3_4_22_1 doi: 10.1080/15459620701763723 – ident: e_1_3_4_4_1 doi: 10.1016/S0003-4878(98)00031-3 – volume: 3 start-page: 361 issue: 6 year: 1996 ident: e_1_3_4_11_1 article-title: Industrial aerosol measurement according to the new sampling conventions publication-title: Occup Hyg – ident: e_1_3_4_23_1 doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103715 – ident: e_1_3_4_26_1 doi: 10.1016/0021-8502(94)00131-H – ident: e_1_3_4_25_1 doi: 10.1080/15298668391405940 – ident: e_1_3_4_29_1 – volume: 32 start-page: 129 issue: 1 year: 1988 ident: e_1_3_4_10_1 article-title: A new individual respirable dust sampler: The CIP 10 publication-title: Ann Occup Hyg – ident: e_1_3_4_31_1 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152657 – ident: e_1_3_4_27_1 doi: 10.1002/ajim.23451 – ident: e_1_3_4_36_1 doi: 10.1201/9781003069867-4 – ident: e_1_3_4_28_1 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17061923 – ident: e_1_3_4_12_1 doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxx057 – ident: e_1_3_4_37_1 doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032429 – start-page: 9 volume-title: Standard practice for evaluating the performance of respirable aerosol samplers year: 2012 ident: e_1_3_4_3_1 – ident: e_1_3_4_33_1 doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mev097 – ident: e_1_3_4_9_1 doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxad012 – ident: e_1_3_4_30_1 doi: 10.1186/s12940-023-01036-0 – ident: e_1_3_4_16_1 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186820 – ident: e_1_3_4_24_1 doi: 10.1016/0021-8502(78)90072-1 – ident: e_1_3_4_13_1 doi: 10.1016/s0003-4878(00)00014-4 |
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