Modular Programming Novice Misconceptions
This study explored the parameter-related misconceptions of two college students enrolled in an introductory programming course. Both students appeared to conceive a direct procedure-to-procedure linkage, with the connection being forged by identically named formal parameters. Throughout the semeste...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Journal of research on technology in education Vol. 34; no. 3; pp. 217 - 229 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Eugene
Routledge
01.03.2002
Taylor & Francis Ltd |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 1539-1523, 1945-0818 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | This study explored the parameter-related misconceptions of two college students enrolled in an introductory programming course. Both students appeared to conceive a direct procedure-to-procedure linkage, with the connection being forged by identically named formal parameters. Throughout the semester, both students were able-by making apparently innocuous adjustments to formal parameter lists-to construct correctly functioning modular programs. They were also able to correctly answer parameter-related test questions when the questions did not provoke a conflict with their fundamental misconception of the parameter process. Therefore, the misconceptions were concealed from the instructor and perhaps from the students themselves. This article discusses the results of the study within the constructivist framework and suggests implications for instruction. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | This study explored the parameter-related misconceptions of two college students enrolled in an introductory programming course. Both students appeared to conceive a direct procedure-to-procedure linkage, with the connection being forged by identically named formal parameters. Throughout the semester, both students were able-by making apparently innocuous adjustments to formal parameter lists-to construct correctly functioning modular programs. They were also able to correctly answer parameter-related test questions when the questions did not provoke a conflict with their fundamental misconception of the parameter process. Therefore, the misconceptions were concealed from the instructor and perhaps from the students themselves. This article discusses the results of the study within the constructivist framework and suggests implications for instruction. Madison and Gifford explored the parameter-related misconceptions of two college students enrolled in an introductory programming course. Both students appeared to conceive a direct procedure-to-procedure linkage, with the connection being forged by identically named formal parameters. |
| Author | Gifford, James Madison, Sandra |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sandra surname: Madison fullname: Madison, Sandra organization: University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point – sequence: 2 givenname: James surname: Gifford fullname: Gifford, James organization: University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point |
| BookMark | eNqFkM9LwzAUx4NMcJuevIt473xJmyYBL2P4CyZ60HNIm2RktMlMWmT_vS1zFy87vcfj8_0--MzQxAdvELrBsMDA4R7TXGBK8gUBIMOJcZIX5RmaYlHQDDjmk2EfoGykLtAspS0ApowWU3T9FnTfqHj7EcMmqrZ1fnOJzq1qkrn6m3P09fT4uXrJ1u_Pr6vlOqsJpV0mlMaMl7hSFBvL6tyYSlNKCguiJhUmTCiutC4VFQBc45JZQcGWlvMKap7P0d2hdxfDd29SJ7ehj354KQkrSs6Aj9DDAapjSCkaK2vXqc4F30XlGolBjhbk0YIcLcijhSFe_ovvomtV3J8OLg9B522IrfoJsdGyU_smRBuVr12S-YmOX7-Cc7M |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1007_s10664_022_10160_3 crossref_primary_10_1057_palgrave_ivs_9500075 |
| Cites_doi | 10.2190/3LFX-9RRF-67T8-UVK9 10.1145/107005.107066 10.1145/382188.382571 10.2190/GW1P-7BBK-DVWR-W3TU 10.1086/443991 10.3102/00346543058003251 10.1207/s15326985ep2004_4 10.2190/FGN9-DJ2F-86V8-3FAU 10.1080/00011037.1986.11008425 10.2190/6E5W-AR7C-NX76-HUT2 10.2190/BKML-B1QV-KDN4-8ULH 10.1086/494648 10.1021/ed056p87 10.1080/00011037.1980.11008282 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright Taylor & Francis Copyright International Society for Technology in Education Spring 2002 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright Taylor & Francis – notice: Copyright International Society for Technology in Education Spring 2002 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION 0-V 3V. 7X5 7XB 88B 8A3 8A4 8AF 8FK 8G5 ABUWG AFKRA AHOVV ALSLI AZQEC BEC BENPR BEZIV CCPQU CJNVE DWQXO FRNLG GNUQQ GUQSH K60 K6~ L.- M0P M2O MBDVC PHGZM PHGZT PKEHL PQBIZ PQBZA PQEDU PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI Q9U S0X |
| DOI | 10.1080/15391523.2002.10782346 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection ProQuest Central (Corporate) Entrepreneurship Database ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Education Database (Alumni Edition) Entrepreneurship Database (Alumni Edition) Education Periodicals STEM Database ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) Research Library (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland Education Research Index Social Science Premium Collection ProQuest Central Essentials eLibrary ProQuest Central Business Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College Education Collection ProQuest Central Korea Business Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student ProQuest Research Library ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Business Collection ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced Education Database Research Library Research Library (Corporate) Proquest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Business ProQuest One Business (Alumni) ProQuest One Education ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central Basic SIRS Editorial |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef ProQuest One Education ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Business Research Library Prep ProQuest Central Student ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials SIRS Editorial elibrary ProQuest AP Science ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College Research Library (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Research Library ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Entrepreneurship Business Premium Collection Social Science Premium Collection Education Collection ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest Education Journals ProQuest Entrepreneurship (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Professional Education ProQuest Business Collection ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest One Business (Alumni) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest Education Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) Business Premium Collection (Alumni) |
| DatabaseTitleList | ProQuest One Education |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Education |
| EISSN | 1945-0818 |
| EndPage | 229 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 155802241 10_1080_15391523_2002_10782346 10782346 |
| Genre | Article Feature |
| GroupedDBID | .DC .GO 0-V 0BK 0R~ 29L 2FS 4.4 5GY 7X5 8A4 8AF 8FW 8G5 8R4 8R5 AAGDL AAHIA AAHSB AAMFJ AAMIU AAMUQ AAPUL AAZJI AAZMC ABCCY ABDPE ABFIM ABJNI ABLIJ ABOPQ ABPEM ABTAI ABUWG ABXUL ABXYU ACBNA ACDYK ACGFO ACGFS ACKOT ACMAZ ACTIO ACTOA ADAHI ADCVX ADKVQ ADQZN AECIN AEFOU AEISY AEMOZ AEMXT AEYOC AEZRU AFKRA AFRVT AGDLA AGRBW AHDZW AI. AIJEM AIKWM AIYEW AJQZJ AKBVH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALQZU ALSLI AQTUD ARALO AVBZW AWYRJ AZQEC BCR BCU BEC BEJHT BENPR BES BEZIV BLC BLEHA BMOTO BOHLJ BPHCQ BRMHY BUAEY BWQWQ CCCUG CCPQU CJNVE DADXH DGFLZ DKSSO DWQXO EBS EDJ EJD FRNLG G-F GNUQQ GTTXZ GUQSH H13 HZ~ H~9 K1G K60 K6~ KYCEM L7B M0P M2O M4Z O9- ONUMK P2P PEA PHGZM PHGZT PQBIZ PQBZA PQEDU PQQKQ PRG PROAC Q2X QF4 QM7 QN7 RNANH ROSJB RPD RSYQP S-F S0X SJFOW SJN STATR TASJS TBQAZ TDBHL TED TFH TFL TFW TH9 TNTFI TRJHH TUROJ TWZ U5U UKR UT5 VH1 WH7 ZCA 8VB AAYXX AFFHD AFNSQ AGDNC AMATQ CITATION IPNFZ LJTGL OHT QWB RIG TAE WHG ZL0 3V. 7XB 8FK AHOVV L.- MBDVC PKEHL PQEST PQUKI Q9U |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c255t-9ad17861ba51ef7c3eebd5524f09c2b1279a8add6a59008d167f950f6f88b0c83 |
| IEDL.DBID | M0P |
| ISSN | 1539-1523 |
| IngestDate | Sat Aug 23 14:04:33 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 03:29:30 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 20:55:40 EST 2025 Mon Oct 20 23:44:22 EDT 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 3 |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c255t-9ad17861ba51ef7c3eebd5524f09c2b1279a8add6a59008d167f950f6f88b0c83 |
| Notes | SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 |
| PQID | 274687088 |
| PQPubID | 26842 |
| PageCount | 13 |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_citationtrail_10_1080_15391523_2002_10782346 crossref_primary_10_1080_15391523_2002_10782346 proquest_journals_274687088 informaworld_taylorfrancis_310_1080_15391523_2002_10782346 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 3/1/2002 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2002-03-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 03 year: 2002 text: 3/1/2002 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2000 |
| PublicationPlace | Eugene |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Eugene |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of research on technology in education |
| PublicationYear | 2002 |
| Publisher | Routledge Taylor & Francis Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Routledge – name: Taylor & Francis Ltd |
| References | Hostetler T. R. (cit0011) 1983; 15 Deimel L. E. (cit0005) 1983; 21 Putnam R. T. (cit0023) 1986; 2 Johnson J. A. (cit0012) 1992; 14 Fleury A. (cit0008) 1991; 23 Furth H. (cit0009) 1970 Turkle S. (cit0027) 1990; 16 Kurland D. M. (cit0014) 1986; 2 Cooper D. (cit0004) 1985 Samurçay R. (cit0024) 1985; 5 Greer J. (cit0010) 1986; 19 Linn M. C. (cit0016) 1985; 20 Mayer R. E. (cit0018) 1985 Milakofsky L. (cit0020) 1979; 56 Joni S. A. (cit0013) 1986; 2 Cheny P. (cit0003) 1980; 13 Du Boulay B. (cit0006) 1986; 2 Eylon B. (cit0007) 1988; 55 Cafolla R. (cit0002) 1987; 16 Sleeman D. (cit0025) 1988; 4 Pea R. D. (cit0022) 1987; 9 Merriam S. H. (cit0019) 1988 Papert S. (cit0021) 1988 Ben Ari M. (cit0001) 1998 Lambert K. A. (cit0015) 1998 Linn M. C. (cit0017) 1991; 99 Tobias S. (cit0026) 1990 |
| References_xml | – volume: 2 start-page: 57 year: 1986 ident: cit0006 publication-title: Journal of Educational Computing Research doi: 10.2190/3LFX-9RRF-67T8-UVK9 – volume: 23 start-page: 283 year: 1991 ident: cit0008 publication-title: SIGCSE Bulletin doi: 10.1145/107005.107066 – volume: 15 start-page: 40 issue: 3 year: 1983 ident: cit0011 publication-title: SIGCSE Bulletin doi: 10.1145/382188.382571 – volume: 16 start-page: 45 year: 1987 ident: cit0002 publication-title: Journal of Educational Technology Systems doi: 10.2190/GW1P-7BBK-DVWR-W3TU – volume-title: An inventory of Piaget’s developmental tasks. year: 1970 ident: cit0009 – volume: 14 start-page: 33 issue: 1 year: 1992 ident: cit0012 publication-title: Journal of Studies in Technical Careers – volume: 4 start-page: 5 year: 1988 ident: cit0025 publication-title: Journal of Educational Computing Research – start-page: 3 volume-title: Constructivism in the computer age year: 1988 ident: cit0021 – volume: 9 start-page: 5 issue: 1 year: 1987 ident: cit0022 publication-title: Focus on Learning Problems in Mathematics – start-page: 11 volume-title: Change year: 1990 ident: cit0026 – start-page: 89 volume-title: The psychology of learning and motivation year: 1985 ident: cit0018 – volume: 5 start-page: 37 year: 1985 ident: cit0024 publication-title: For the Learning of Mathematics – volume: 99 start-page: 379 year: 1991 ident: cit0017 publication-title: American Journal of Education doi: 10.1086/443991 – volume: 55 start-page: 251 year: 1988 ident: cit0007 publication-title: Review of Educational Research doi: 10.3102/00346543058003251 – volume: 20 start-page: 191 year: 1985 ident: cit0016 publication-title: Educational Psychologist doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep2004_4 – volume-title: Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. year: 1988 ident: cit0019 – volume-title: Teaching introductory programming. year: 1985 ident: cit0004 – volume-title: Fundamentals of C++ programming: Understanding programming and problem solving. year: 1998 ident: cit0015 – volume: 2 start-page: 459 year: 1986 ident: cit0023 publication-title: Journal of Educational Computing Research doi: 10.2190/FGN9-DJ2F-86V8-3FAU – volume-title: Constructivism in computer science education. year: 1998 ident: cit0001 – volume: 19 start-page: 216 year: 1986 ident: cit0010 publication-title: AEDS Journal doi: 10.1080/00011037.1986.11008425 – volume: 21 start-page: 11 issue: 7 year: 1983 ident: cit0005 publication-title: AEDS Monitor – volume: 2 start-page: 95 year: 1986 ident: cit0013 publication-title: Journal of Educational Computing Research doi: 10.2190/6E5W-AR7C-NX76-HUT2 – volume: 2 start-page: 429 year: 1986 ident: cit0014 publication-title: Journal of Educational Computing Research doi: 10.2190/BKML-B1QV-KDN4-8ULH – volume: 16 start-page: 128 year: 1990 ident: cit0027 publication-title: Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society doi: 10.1086/494648 – volume: 56 start-page: 87 year: 1979 ident: cit0020 publication-title: Journal of Chemical Education doi: 10.1021/ed056p87 – volume: 13 start-page: 285 year: 1980 ident: cit0003 publication-title: AEDS Journal doi: 10.1080/00011037.1980.11008282 |
| SSID | ssj0015754 |
| Score | 1.6013318 |
| Snippet | This study explored the parameter-related misconceptions of two college students enrolled in an introductory programming course. Both students appeared to... Madison and Gifford explored the parameter-related misconceptions of two college students enrolled in an introductory programming course. Both students... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref informaworld |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 217 |
| SubjectTerms | Cognitive Development Cognitive Style College students Computer programming constructivism Educational Research Errors Interviews Knowledge Learning misconception modular programming novice programmers parameters PASCAL Problem solving Programmers Students |
| Subtitle | Novice Misconceptions |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: Taylor & Francis Online Journals dbid: TFW link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV09T8MwELVQxcDCRwFRCqgDq9XYSRybDSEqBqgYCnSz_CkhQYuawO_n7CRVK4Q6wBrlTnHs853t5_cQukwchzraa0yddTiDlzB3NsOJNV5xlRAbty6e74vxmE-nYvUuTIBVhjW0r4ki4lwdglvpskXEDSFIBaSdNAIM4BEkuTQLrNuQ-0NsTkYvy4MEqEaymjJV4GDTXhL-1c1aflpjL_0xW8cUNNr7j4_fR7tNATq4rkfMAdpys27Qbm5wHoeo-zC3AZs6eKyhW--Q3I7Q0-h2cnOHG-kEbGCNUGGhLCk4I1rlxPnCpM5pm-c084kwVBNaCOgJa5kKqqHcElZ4kSeeec51Ynh6jDqz-cydoIEGV5mjzikonQqiufV5oK0nhlKtGeuhvP1h0jS84kHe4k2Shn60bXKQvKSybXIPDZd2HzWzxkaLq9X-kFXc0_C1AIlMNxn3296TTZiWEpbkDCYszk__4rqPdqJGTESmnaFOtfh052jbfFWv5eIijsdvJfPX_g priority: 102 providerName: Taylor & Francis |
| Title | Modular Programming |
| URI | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15391523.2002.10782346 https://www.proquest.com/docview/274687088 |
| Volume | 34 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Education Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1945-0818 dateEnd: 20140731 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0015754 issn: 1539-1523 databaseCode: M0P dateStart: 20010921 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/education providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 1945-0818 dateEnd: 20140731 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0015754 issn: 1539-1523 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20010921 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Research Library customDbUrl: eissn: 1945-0818 dateEnd: 20140731 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0015754 issn: 1539-1523 databaseCode: M2O dateStart: 20010921 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/pqrl providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVAWR databaseName: Taylor & Francis Online Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 1945-0818 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0015754 issn: 1539-1523 databaseCode: TFW dateStart: 20010901 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.tandfonline.com providerName: Taylor & Francis |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV07T8MwELagZWDhjSiFKgMTklXbeTldEKBWDDRUqEC3KH5JSNCUNvD7sR2nKkKiA4sHx44i3-XufP58HwAXSFIdRysGiRQSBnoQpFIEEAmucpojLGzq4vk-TlM6mSQjh81ZOFhlbROtoRYFNznyrt49RVq3KL2afUBDGmUOVx2DxiZo6jg5MQo-RKPlIYKORIKqXGoCtZvy6wvCFHVNn-myGAXdpf2kb2LgFd_0o3LpL0tt3c9g958fvgd2XNzpXVeKsg825PTAUDY7eMchuBwWwkBSPYfYetc-reelhbEknlYGXt1vNFp6BJ4G_fHtHXRECpDrHUMJk1zgmEaY5SGWKua-lEyEIQkUSjhhmMSJlosQUW44RKnAUaySEKlIUcoQp_4xaEyLqTwBHtOvCiSRMteBVIwZFSo0RewxJ4SxKGqBsF7CjLsq44bs4i3DrhhpvfSGAJNk9dK3QHc5b1bV2Vg7o7cqoay0GQ5V0ZFk_rrJ7VpYmftpF9lSUqd_Pm2DbUsJY4FoZ6BRzj_lOdjiX-XrYt4BzZt-OnrsWFU0LXnQ7Xjw8g1GmeFv |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V3JSgQxEC3cQC_u4m4f9CKE6aS3tCAiLiiOowcVb21nA0Fn1BkVP8p_tKqXQRH05MFruhOarpeqSvJSD2DdtxLzaKeYsMayEF9i0pqQ-Ua7XOY-N8XWxVUzabXk9XV6PgDv9V0YolXWPrFw1KajaY-8gaunGLEl5c7DIyPRKDpcrRU0SlSc2LdXXLF1t4_30bwbQhweXOwdsUpUgGnMnnsszQ1PZMxVHnHrEh1Yq0wUidD5qRaKiyTFbzQmzklPUxoeJy6NfBc7KZWvZYDjDsJwSAshYgqKs_6hBWY-YVmeNWUYFoP6QrL0G9RGTQUnApswLgeUc3-KhV8qpX6LDEW4O5z4Zz9qEsarvNrbLSfCFAzY9jRJUlf0lRnYPO0Yotx6FSPtHmP2ltfqkKf0EOy6vL9Js3AWLv_kU-dgqN1p23nwFA4VWmFtjoliwpU0LqIi_VwLoVQcL0BUmyzTVRV1EvO4y3hVbLU2NQl8iqw29QI0-v0eyjoiv_bY-oyIrFfs4LhSbiULfuu8VIMjq5xSN-sjY_HHp2swenRx2syax62TJRgr5G8K0t0yDPWenu0KjOiX3m33abWAvwc3fw2jD7pLOy8 |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1LTxsxEB6lAVVcCoUiKK89tBckK2vvy4uEUEuIiEJXEWoRt-36JVVqkzQJIH4a_47xrjcKQiInDlzttWXtvD7b4_kAvviaI442gjCtNAnxI8K1ComvpCl44VNVHl1cXSRZxq-v034DHuq3MDatsvaJpaNWQ2nPyFu4e4pRt3C_ZlxWRL_dORn9J5ZAyl601mwalYb09P0d7t4mx902ivorY52zn6fnxBEMEIlIekrSQtGEx1QUEdUmkYHWQkURC42fSiYoS1Jcr1JxYbk1uaJxYtLIN7HhXPiSBzjvO1hKEGOETVj6fpb1L2dXGIiDwqpYa0owSAb182Tut2ybbSozJLAJo3RgEfhcZHxSN_VZnCiDX2f1Df-2NfjgELf3rTKRj9DQg3VLVu0SWzbg8MdQ2WRcz-Wq_cNofuRlQ-tDPTQDWb3stPb5CX69ylI3oTkYDvQWeAKnCjXTukAImVDBlYls-X4qGRMijrchqsWXS1df3dJ8_M2pK8Nai91Sf7K8Fvs2tGbjRlWFkYUjjua1I5-WZzumImLJg0WDd2pFyZ27muQzLfn8Yu8BvEftyS-6WW8HVkpenDIbbxea0_GN3oNleTv9MxnvO1vw4Pdr69EjlC9FTA |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Modular+programming%3A+Novice+misconceptions&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+research+on+technology+in+education&rft.au=Madison%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Gifford%2C+James&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Ltd&rft.issn=1539-1523&rft.eissn=1945-0818&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=217&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F15391523.2002.10782346&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK&rft.externalDocID=155802241 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1539-1523&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1539-1523&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1539-1523&client=summon |