Multi-objective optimization for microgrid sizing, electric vehicle scheduling and vehicle-to-grid integration
This paper presents a multi-objective mixed integer linear programming (MILP) framework for the sizing of a microgrid that integrates distributed energy resource (DER), such as thermal generator (TG), photovoltaic system (PV) systems, and battery energy storage system (BESS), alongside electric vehi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks Jg. 43; S. 101773 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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Elsevier Ltd
01.09.2025
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| ISSN: | 2352-4677, 2352-4677 |
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| Abstract | This paper presents a multi-objective mixed integer linear programming (MILP) framework for the sizing of a microgrid that integrates distributed energy resource (DER), such as thermal generator (TG), photovoltaic system (PV) systems, and battery energy storage system (BESS), alongside electric vehicle (EV) scheduling and the procurement of electric vehicle charging station (EVCS). The proposed formulation incorporates uncertainty in generation and demand profiles, as well as contingencies that model off-grid scenarios, by means of a scenario-based stochastic programming approach. By employing a linearization approach that eliminates the need for additional binary variables for charging and discharging decisions, the optimization simultaneously minimizes total cost, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and EV idle time. The model also determines an optimal vehicle-to-grid (V2G) price through a Nash equilibrium, which balances the interests of both the system operator and EV owners. Numerical results indicate that allowing moderate EV idle time can reduce the required number of EVCS, thus lowering capital investment without substantially affecting emissions. Furthermore, scenarios with stringent GHG constraints lead to a higher share of PV and BESS, increasing overall cost but reducing emissions. A case study demonstrates that the optimized microgrid can effectively handle off-grid conditions, with BESS and EV contributions maintaining supply reliability.
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•Proposes multi-objective MILP for integrated microgrid planning (PV, BESS, TG, EV).•Uses linearization to avoid extra binaries, reducing computation.•Optimizes cost, GHG, and EV idle time.•Finds optimal V2G price via Nash equilibrium to balance costs and incentives.•Considers uncertainties (load, PV variability) and off-grid cases. |
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| AbstractList | This paper presents a multi-objective mixed integer linear programming (MILP) framework for the sizing of a microgrid that integrates distributed energy resource (DER), such as thermal generator (TG), photovoltaic system (PV) systems, and battery energy storage system (BESS), alongside electric vehicle (EV) scheduling and the procurement of electric vehicle charging station (EVCS). The proposed formulation incorporates uncertainty in generation and demand profiles, as well as contingencies that model off-grid scenarios, by means of a scenario-based stochastic programming approach. By employing a linearization approach that eliminates the need for additional binary variables for charging and discharging decisions, the optimization simultaneously minimizes total cost, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and EV idle time. The model also determines an optimal vehicle-to-grid (V2G) price through a Nash equilibrium, which balances the interests of both the system operator and EV owners. Numerical results indicate that allowing moderate EV idle time can reduce the required number of EVCS, thus lowering capital investment without substantially affecting emissions. Furthermore, scenarios with stringent GHG constraints lead to a higher share of PV and BESS, increasing overall cost but reducing emissions. A case study demonstrates that the optimized microgrid can effectively handle off-grid conditions, with BESS and EV contributions maintaining supply reliability.
[Display omitted]
•Proposes multi-objective MILP for integrated microgrid planning (PV, BESS, TG, EV).•Uses linearization to avoid extra binaries, reducing computation.•Optimizes cost, GHG, and EV idle time.•Finds optimal V2G price via Nash equilibrium to balance costs and incentives.•Considers uncertainties (load, PV variability) and off-grid cases. |
| ArticleNumber | 101773 |
| Author | Terada, Lucas Zenichi Magalhães, Marcelo Montandon Cortez, Juan Carlos Vale, Zita Soares, João Rider, Marcos J. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lucas Zenichi orcidid: 0000-0002-3554-9947 surname: Terada fullname: Terada, Lucas Zenichi email: l182775@dac.unicamp.br, lzenichi@ieee.org organization: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (FEEC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 2 givenname: Marcelo Montandon orcidid: 0000-0001-7286-7744 surname: Magalhães fullname: Magalhães, Marcelo Montandon organization: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (FEEC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 3 givenname: Juan Carlos orcidid: 0000-0003-2080-2468 surname: Cortez fullname: Cortez, Juan Carlos organization: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (FEEC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 4 givenname: João orcidid: 0000-0002-4172-4502 surname: Soares fullname: Soares, João organization: GECAD - Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development, LASI - Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino de Almeida 431, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal – sequence: 5 givenname: Zita orcidid: 0000-0002-4560-9544 surname: Vale fullname: Vale, Zita organization: GECAD - Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development, LASI - Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino de Almeida 431, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal – sequence: 6 givenname: Marcos J. orcidid: 0000-0001-5484-1161 surname: Rider fullname: Rider, Marcos J. organization: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (FEEC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil |
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| Keywords | Vehicle-to-grid Multi-objective optimization Microgrid sizing GHG mitigation Stochastic optimization Electric vehicle scheduling |
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| SubjectTerms | Electric vehicle scheduling GHG mitigation Microgrid sizing Multi-objective optimization Stochastic optimization Vehicle-to-grid |
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