Rate limitable and efficient discovery of path maximum transmission units
Summary Path maximum transmission unit discovery (PMTUD) is the protocol by which a host can find the largest packet it can send through an internet protocol (IP) network to a given destination. It relies on intermediary nodes sending “packet too big” (PTB) messages in IPv6 or “datagram too big” mes...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of communication systems Jg. 32; H. 6 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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Chichester
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
01.04.2019
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| Abstract | Summary
Path maximum transmission unit discovery (PMTUD) is the protocol by which a host can find the largest packet it can send through an internet protocol (IP) network to a given destination. It relies on intermediary nodes sending “packet too big” (PTB) messages in IPv6 or “datagram too big” messages in IPv4 (both henceforth referred to as PTB for the purposes of this paper). These are often completely blocked by firewalls, presumably due to a fear of PTB floods wasting the bandwidth of network links. This breaks PMTUD, forcing the use of fragmentation in IPv4 and/or suboptimal packet sizes. In IPv6, fragmentation by intermediary nodes is no longer an option. Utilizing a dynamic programming‐based solution to the generalization of a mathematical puzzle, the two‐egg problem, this work presents a family of strategies for a host to discover path MTU while obeying hard limits on the maximum number of incoming PTB messages that may be generated. This allows a firewall to mitigate PTB floods via rate limits. Moreover, these strategies are compliant with the relevant standards on PMTUD and thus can be deployed by merely changing the PMTUD algorithm implementation in TCP/IP stacks on end hosts without changing intermediary nodes' protocol behavior.
Adapting the solution to the generalization of a mathematical puzzle, the two‐egg problem, this work evaluates a DDoS resistant and RFC compliant method to discover path maximum transmission units (PMTU) in IP networks. Simulations show that the method is efficient in terms of the network load it causes and converges fast enough to be used in practice. Moreover, it directly lends itself to rate limiting the number of incoming control messages needed, thus addressing the long standing open problem of firewalls breaking the PMTU discovery protocol by blocking such messages. |
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| AbstractList | Path maximum transmission unit discovery (PMTUD) is the protocol by which a host can find the largest packet it can send through an internet protocol (IP) network to a given destination. It relies on intermediary nodes sending “packet too big” (PTB) messages in IPv6 or “datagram too big” messages in IPv4 (both henceforth referred to as PTB for the purposes of this paper). These are often completely blocked by firewalls, presumably due to a fear of PTB floods wasting the bandwidth of network links. This breaks PMTUD, forcing the use of fragmentation in IPv4 and/or suboptimal packet sizes. In IPv6, fragmentation by intermediary nodes is no longer an option. Utilizing a dynamic programming‐based solution to the generalization of a mathematical puzzle, the two‐egg problem, this work presents a family of strategies for a host to discover path MTU while obeying hard limits on the maximum number of incoming PTB messages that may be generated. This allows a firewall to mitigate PTB floods via rate limits. Moreover, these strategies are compliant with the relevant standards on PMTUD and thus can be deployed by merely changing the PMTUD algorithm implementation in TCP/IP stacks on end hosts without changing intermediary nodes' protocol behavior. Summary Path maximum transmission unit discovery (PMTUD) is the protocol by which a host can find the largest packet it can send through an internet protocol (IP) network to a given destination. It relies on intermediary nodes sending “packet too big” (PTB) messages in IPv6 or “datagram too big” messages in IPv4 (both henceforth referred to as PTB for the purposes of this paper). These are often completely blocked by firewalls, presumably due to a fear of PTB floods wasting the bandwidth of network links. This breaks PMTUD, forcing the use of fragmentation in IPv4 and/or suboptimal packet sizes. In IPv6, fragmentation by intermediary nodes is no longer an option. Utilizing a dynamic programming‐based solution to the generalization of a mathematical puzzle, the two‐egg problem, this work presents a family of strategies for a host to discover path MTU while obeying hard limits on the maximum number of incoming PTB messages that may be generated. This allows a firewall to mitigate PTB floods via rate limits. Moreover, these strategies are compliant with the relevant standards on PMTUD and thus can be deployed by merely changing the PMTUD algorithm implementation in TCP/IP stacks on end hosts without changing intermediary nodes' protocol behavior. Adapting the solution to the generalization of a mathematical puzzle, the two‐egg problem, this work evaluates a DDoS resistant and RFC compliant method to discover path maximum transmission units (PMTU) in IP networks. Simulations show that the method is efficient in terms of the network load it causes and converges fast enough to be used in practice. Moreover, it directly lends itself to rate limiting the number of incoming control messages needed, thus addressing the long standing open problem of firewalls breaking the PMTU discovery protocol by blocking such messages. |
| Author | Subbaraman, Ramesh R. |
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| References_xml | – year: 2011 – year: 2009 – year: 1981 – volume: 4 start-page: 48 issue: 1 year: 2003 end-page: 64 article-title: The joy of egg‐dropping in Braunschweig and Hong Kong publication-title: Inf Trans Education – year: 2005 – year: 2008 – volume: 10 start-page: 709 issue: 6 year: 2002 end-page: 720 article-title: Beyond folklore: observations on fragmented traffic publication-title: IEEE/ACM Trans Networking – year: 2007 – year: 2001 – year: 2006 – start-page: 102 year: 2010 end-page: 108 – year: 1996 – volume: 17 start-page: 390 issue: 5 year: 1987 end-page: 401 – volume: 18 start-page: 36:1 issue: 3 year: 2018 end-page: 36:20 article-title: Are we there yet? IPV6 in Australia and China publication-title: ACM Trans Internet Technol – volume: 2016 start-page: 42:1 issue: 1 year: 2016 end-page: 42:20 article-title: The role and security of firewalls in cyber‐physical cloud computing publication-title: EURASIP J Inf Secur – year: 2017 – year: 2016 – year: 1990 – year: 2015 – year: 2010 – year: 1999 – year: 2012 – ident: e_1_2_9_31_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_28_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_3_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_6_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_25_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_16_1 doi: 10.1145/55483.55524 – ident: e_1_2_9_24_1 doi: 10.1145/1879141.1879155 – ident: e_1_2_9_7_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_13_1 doi: 10.1145/3158374 – ident: e_1_2_9_22_1 doi: 10.17487/rfc4821 – volume: 2016 start-page: 42:1 issue: 1 year: 2016 ident: e_1_2_9_5_1 article-title: The role and security of firewalls in cyber‐physical cloud computing publication-title: EURASIP J Inf Secur – ident: e_1_2_9_19_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_32_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_4_1 doi: 10.17487/rfc1981 – ident: e_1_2_9_2_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_10_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_27_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_8_1 – volume-title: Introduction to Algorithms, Third Edition, Chapter 15 year: 2009 ident: e_1_2_9_20_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_12_1 – volume-title: CCDA Official Examination Certification Guide, Third Edition (pgs. 21, 527) year: 2007 ident: e_1_2_9_21_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_33_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_30_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_15_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_14_1 doi: 10.1287/ited.4.1.48 – ident: e_1_2_9_18_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_23_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_26_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_9_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_11_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_17_1 doi: 10.1109/TNET.2002.805028 – ident: e_1_2_9_29_1 |
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| Snippet | Summary
Path maximum transmission unit discovery (PMTUD) is the protocol by which a host can find the largest packet it can send through an internet protocol... Path maximum transmission unit discovery (PMTUD) is the protocol by which a host can find the largest packet it can send through an internet protocol (IP)... |
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| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Dynamic programming Firewalls Floods Fragmentation internet protocols and standards IP (Internet Protocol) Messages modeling and simulation Nodes path MTU discovery TCP (protocol) TCP/IP (protocol) |
| Title | Rate limitable and efficient discovery of path maximum transmission units |
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