Goliath and the Cognitive Load Theory

A successful teaching effort is usually dependant on several factors. From the right environment, to a precisely worded exercise statement, it rests on the teacher’s shoulders the concoction of the most effective learning assets to their students. A significant part of this process lies on practise:...

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Published in:Journal of computer languages (Online) Vol. 85; p. 101372
Main Authors: Freitas, Tiago Carvalho, Costa Neto, Alvaro, Pereira, Maria João Varanda, Henriques, Pedro Rangel
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2025
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ISSN:2590-1184
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Abstract A successful teaching effort is usually dependant on several factors. From the right environment, to a precisely worded exercise statement, it rests on the teacher’s shoulders the concoction of the most effective learning assets to their students. A significant part of this process lies on practise: students commonly solidify their knowledge by solving exercises. Creating new programming exercises, specially in high-demand environments such as large classrooms, is a repetitive and error-prone process, specially when stacked with other typical affairs that educators are required to attend to. Goliath, one of the two main contributions of this article, is a template-based, Artificial Intelligence (AI) supported exercise generator, that aims to facilitate the creation of exercise repositories. By using a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) to define exercise templates, combined with the automatic generation of different exercise types, educators can use Goliath’s features to improve their exercise repositories, both in size and variety. This systematic approach allows for greater control and automatisation than using a Large Language Model (LLM) directly, as the exercises’ main components can be pre-defined and pre-configured via their templates. Goliath, which is available online for free access, has been tested and its usability assessed. Combined with these functionalities, the content of the exercises themselves, the manner in which they are presented, and how they are rated for difficulty should also be considered in high regard when designing programming exercises. The Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) provides a conceptual foundation to understand problem-solving mechanisms that are commonly found in several aspects and situations of daily life, such as solving programming exercises. This foundation has been explored and systematically structured to construct the second main contribution of this article: guides to create exercise templates in Goliath founded on the Cognitive Load Theory, aiming to improve both teaching and learning computer programming. •Goliath is a template-based, AI-supported exercise generator.•Teachers can create templates that generate different versions of an exercise.•Two AI models support the initial creation of the templates via keywords.•Exercises are generated ad hoc from their templates.•The Cognitive Load Theory provides a foundation for creating exercise templates.
AbstractList A successful teaching effort is usually dependant on several factors. From the right environment, to a precisely worded exercise statement, it rests on the teacher’s shoulders the concoction of the most effective learning assets to their students. A significant part of this process lies on practise: students commonly solidify their knowledge by solving exercises. Creating new programming exercises, specially in high-demand environments such as large classrooms, is a repetitive and error-prone process, specially when stacked with other typical affairs that educators are required to attend to. Goliath, one of the two main contributions of this article, is a template-based, Artificial Intelligence (AI) supported exercise generator, that aims to facilitate the creation of exercise repositories. By using a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) to define exercise templates, combined with the automatic generation of different exercise types, educators can use Goliath’s features to improve their exercise repositories, both in size and variety. This systematic approach allows for greater control and automatisation than using a Large Language Model (LLM) directly, as the exercises’ main components can be pre-defined and pre-configured via their templates. Goliath, which is available online for free access, has been tested and its usability assessed. Combined with these functionalities, the content of the exercises themselves, the manner in which they are presented, and how they are rated for difficulty should also be considered in high regard when designing programming exercises. The Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) provides a conceptual foundation to understand problem-solving mechanisms that are commonly found in several aspects and situations of daily life, such as solving programming exercises. This foundation has been explored and systematically structured to construct the second main contribution of this article: guides to create exercise templates in Goliath founded on the Cognitive Load Theory, aiming to improve both teaching and learning computer programming. •Goliath is a template-based, AI-supported exercise generator.•Teachers can create templates that generate different versions of an exercise.•Two AI models support the initial creation of the templates via keywords.•Exercises are generated ad hoc from their templates.•The Cognitive Load Theory provides a foundation for creating exercise templates.
ArticleNumber 101372
Author Henriques, Pedro Rangel
Costa Neto, Alvaro
Pereira, Maria João Varanda
Freitas, Tiago Carvalho
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Keywords Domain-Specific Languages
Computer programming education
Artificial intelligence
Programming exercises
Cognitive load theory
Language English
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Snippet A successful teaching effort is usually dependant on several factors. From the right environment, to a precisely worded exercise statement, it rests on the...
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SubjectTerms Artificial intelligence
Cognitive load theory
Computer programming education
Domain-Specific Languages
Programming exercises
Title Goliath and the Cognitive Load Theory
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cola.2025.101372
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