Joint optimization algorithm for continuous/discrete phase beamforming in active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

In this paper, a unified optimization framework for both continuous and discrete phase configurations of active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) phases method is proposed. An adaptive temperature simulated annealing algorithm optimize the phase of the active RIS reflections. Joint optimizat...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of electronics and communications Vol. 201; p. 155996
Main Authors: Zhang, Qianqian, Han, Zhengjiang, Cao, Folong, Wang, Erfu
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier GmbH 01.11.2025
Subjects:
Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
Alternating optimization
Discrete phase shift
Multiple-Input Single-Output
Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
Discrete phase shift
Alternating optimization
Multiple-Input Single-Output
ISSN:1434-8411
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:In this paper, a unified optimization framework for both continuous and discrete phase configurations of active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) phases method is proposed. An adaptive temperature simulated annealing algorithm optimize the phase of the active RIS reflections. Joint optimization of base station (BS) beamforming and active RIS elements is achieved through alternating iterations to maximize the quality of the signal at the user’s end, while accounting for active RIS noise. Simulations verify the proposed scheme’s applicability to both continuous and discrete phase systems. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that 4-bit discrete-phase quantization is comparable to continuous-phase signal enhancement. •A hybrid continuous-discrete optimization algorithm for RIS phase shift design.•Temperature-adapted Simulated Annealing and maximum ratio transmission (MRT).•Optimizing active RIS reflection under power constraints to maximize system SNR.
ISSN:1434-8411
DOI:10.1016/j.aeue.2025.155996