A low-complexity algorithm to search for Legendre pairs

Legendre pairs constitute an important combinatorial object that can be used to construct Hadamard matrices. In this paper, we search for Legendre pairs exploring matrix structures and obtain a low arithmetic and time complexity algorithm instead of conventional combinatorial algorithms. First, we e...

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Vydáno v:Linear algebra and its applications Ročník 721; s. 149 - 171
Hlavní autoři: Perera, Sirani M., Kotsireas, Ilias S.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Elsevier Inc 15.09.2025
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ISSN:0024-3795
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Abstract Legendre pairs constitute an important combinatorial object that can be used to construct Hadamard matrices. In this paper, we search for Legendre pairs exploring matrix structures and obtain a low arithmetic and time complexity algorithm instead of conventional combinatorial algorithms. First, we explore the structure of the Legendre pair matrix equation and study its properties. Next, we study the boundaries of the spectra of the matrices appearing in the Legendre pair matrix equation, using Gershgorin circles. After stating an invariant that characterizes Legendre pairs and their relation to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix, we propose a low-complexity algorithm, i.e., a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-like algorithm, to compute the product of the DFT matrix with each sequence of the Legendre pair having any odd length. By utilizing the FFT-like algorithm, we present a low-time complexity algorithm associated with searching for Legendre pairs. Finally, we show numerical results based on the C implementation of the FFT-like algorithm yielding a low time complexity in searching for Legendre pairs as opposed to conventional combinatorial algorithms. This leads us to demonstrate that the proposed FFT-like algorithm significantly accelerates the search for Legendre pairs of orders 45 and 63, achieving at least 99% improvement in speed compared to the conventional algorithms.
AbstractList Legendre pairs constitute an important combinatorial object that can be used to construct Hadamard matrices. In this paper, we search for Legendre pairs exploring matrix structures and obtain a low arithmetic and time complexity algorithm instead of conventional combinatorial algorithms. First, we explore the structure of the Legendre pair matrix equation and study its properties. Next, we study the boundaries of the spectra of the matrices appearing in the Legendre pair matrix equation, using Gershgorin circles. After stating an invariant that characterizes Legendre pairs and their relation to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix, we propose a low-complexity algorithm, i.e., a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-like algorithm, to compute the product of the DFT matrix with each sequence of the Legendre pair having any odd length. By utilizing the FFT-like algorithm, we present a low-time complexity algorithm associated with searching for Legendre pairs. Finally, we show numerical results based on the C implementation of the FFT-like algorithm yielding a low time complexity in searching for Legendre pairs as opposed to conventional combinatorial algorithms. This leads us to demonstrate that the proposed FFT-like algorithm significantly accelerates the search for Legendre pairs of orders 45 and 63, achieving at least 99% improvement in speed compared to the conventional algorithms.
Author Perera, Sirani M.
Kotsireas, Ilias S.
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Keywords Matrix analysis
65T50
15B05
65Y20
65Y04
Legendre pairs
42C10
65F40
Sparse and orthogonal factors
Fast Fourier transforms
Complexity and performance of algorithms
Structured matrices
15A23
15B10
65F15
Matrix equations
65F45
65F35
Language English
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Snippet Legendre pairs constitute an important combinatorial object that can be used to construct Hadamard matrices. In this paper, we search for Legendre pairs...
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StartPage 149
SubjectTerms Complexity and performance of algorithms
Fast Fourier transforms
Legendre pairs
Matrix analysis
Matrix equations
Sparse and orthogonal factors
Structured matrices
Title A low-complexity algorithm to search for Legendre pairs
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2025.01.010
Volume 721
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