A Genre-Based Comparison of Chat-GPT-Generated Abstracts Versus Human-Authored Abstracts: Focus on Applied Linguistics Research Articles

Recent studies have pointed to detectible differences between academic writing produced by AI algorithms versus human authors. With the aim to shed further light on this emerging line of enquiry, we analysed the rhetorical structure and metadiscoursal features of 320 research article abstracts, half...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Corpus pragmatics : international journal of corpus linguistics and pragmatics Vol. 10; no. 1
Main Authors: El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam, Afzaal, Muhammed, Siyanova-Chanturia, Anna
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.12.2026
Subjects:
Computational Linguistics
Computer Appl. in Arts and Humanities
Linguistics
Original Paper
Pragmatics
Semantics
Social Sciences
Research article abstracts
Rhetorical structure
Genre
ChatGPT
Metadiscourse
ISSN:2509-9507, 2509-9515
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Abstract Recent studies have pointed to detectible differences between academic writing produced by AI algorithms versus human authors. With the aim to shed further light on this emerging line of enquiry, we analysed the rhetorical structure and metadiscoursal features of 320 research article abstracts, half of which were generated by ChatGPT while the other half were written by human authors. Drawing on a genre-based analysis and as reported by Hyland (Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing, Pearson Education Limited, 2000) move structure model, we confirmed and extended the findings of earlier studies. We found that the ChatGPT did not exhibit comparable to human writing variety in the combinations of moves, provided less background information and methodological detail than did the human writing, as well as tended to overemphasize findings and conclusions. Further, the ChatGPT was found to use fewer textual metadiscourse markers, such as transitions, compared to human writers; it also overused sentential frame markers, attitude markers, and verbs used to hedge and boost. We discuss our findings in light of current literature in the field, as well as their implications for chatbot designers, AI detection developers, writing instructors, and students writing for academic purposes.
AbstractList Recent studies have pointed to detectible differences between academic writing produced by AI algorithms versus human authors. With the aim to shed further light on this emerging line of enquiry, we analysed the rhetorical structure and metadiscoursal features of 320 research article abstracts, half of which were generated by ChatGPT while the other half were written by human authors. Drawing on a genre-based analysis and as reported by Hyland (Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing, Pearson Education Limited, 2000) move structure model, we confirmed and extended the findings of earlier studies. We found that the ChatGPT did not exhibit comparable to human writing variety in the combinations of moves, provided less background information and methodological detail than did the human writing, as well as tended to overemphasize findings and conclusions. Further, the ChatGPT was found to use fewer textual metadiscourse markers, such as transitions, compared to human writers; it also overused sentential frame markers, attitude markers, and verbs used to hedge and boost. We discuss our findings in light of current literature in the field, as well as their implications for chatbot designers, AI detection developers, writing instructors, and students writing for academic purposes.
ArticleNumber 1
Author Afzaal, Muhammed
Siyanova-Chanturia, Anna
El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Dina Abdel Salam
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2943-987X
  surname: El-Dakhs
  fullname: El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam
  organization: College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Muhammed
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4649-781X
  surname: Afzaal
  fullname: Afzaal, Muhammed
  email: muhammad.afzaal1185@gmail.com
  organization: Shanghai International Studies University, Prince Sultan University
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Anna
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8336-8569
  surname: Siyanova-Chanturia
  fullname: Siyanova-Chanturia, Anna
  organization: Te Herenga Waka–Victoria University of Wellington, Prince Sultan University
BookMark eNp9kEFOwzAQRS1UJErpBVj5AgbbseuEXYhoi1QJhApby3adNlUbR55kwQ04NoYixIrVzOi__zX6l2jUhtYjdM3oDaNU3YJgijJCuSSUckZJfobGXNKCFJLJ0e9O1QWaAuxpojImck7H6KPEC99GT-4N-A2uwrEzsYHQ4lDjamd6snhek4T4aPoElBb6aFwP-M1HGAAvh6NpSTn0uxD_6nd4HlzSU1LZdYcmaaum3Q4N9I0D_OLBm-h2uIzpPni4Que1OYCf_swJep0_rKslWT0tHqtyRRwXoifG2joTlhuTMyeE4r4uakUzmeeeWzbjbOOtKgSbmRmXXEknpbCSOiu9UBueTRA_5boYAKKvdRebo4nvmlH9Vac-1alTnfq7Tp0nU3YyQYLbrY96H4bYpj__c30CoSV6rQ
Cites_doi 10.1016/j.rmal.2023.100068
10.1016/j.esp.2016.11.001
10.1016/j.jeap.2024.101432
10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103205
10.1136/ijgc-2023-005162
10.30935/cedtech/13605
10.1515/text.1.1996.16.4.481
10.1108/IJILT-02-2024-0021
10.1007/s10489-024-05298-0
10.2196/48904
10.1017/CBO9781139524827
10.1038/s41746-023-00819-6
10.3348/kjr.2023.0773
10.1016/j.cmpbup.2024.100145
10.3389/feduc.2025.1589004
10.1111/1467-971X.00066
10.2478/exell-2023-0008
10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21624
10.2196/51229
10.1016/j.esp.2018.02.001
10.3998/mpub.309332
10.2478/rela-2018-0002
10.31362/patd.1487575
10.1177/1461445607087010
10.1093/bjs/znad198
10.1038/s41598-023-45644-9
10.1002/jaal.1373
10.1007/s11192-018-2795-6
10.1080/23311983.2021.1970879
10.1016/j.jeap.2018.09.005
10.48550/arXiv.2405.13890
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025 Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
Copyright_xml – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025 Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
DOI 10.1007/s41701-025-00210-8
DatabaseName CrossRef
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Languages & Literatures
EISSN 2509-9515
ExternalDocumentID 10_1007_s41701_025_00210_8
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Prince Sultan University
  grantid: RL-CH-2019/9/1
  funderid: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012639
GroupedDBID 0R~
406
AACDK
AAHNG
AAIAL
AAJBT
AANZL
AASML
AATNV
AATVU
AAUYE
ABAKF
ABBRH
ABDBE
ABDZT
ABECU
ABFSG
ABFTV
ABJNI
ABJOX
ABKCH
ABMQK
ABQBU
ABRTQ
ABTEG
ABTKH
ABTMW
ABXPI
ACAOD
ACDTI
ACGFS
ACHSB
ACMLO
ACOKC
ACPIV
ACSTC
ACZOJ
ADHHG
ADKNI
ADKPE
ADTPH
ADURQ
ADYFF
ADZKW
AEFQL
AEJRE
AEMSY
AEOHA
AEVLU
AEXYK
AEZWR
AFBBN
AFDZB
AFHIU
AFOHR
AFQWF
AGDGC
AGMZJ
AGQEE
AGRTI
AHKAY
AHPBZ
AHSBF
AHWEU
AIAKS
AIGIU
AILAN
AITGF
AIXLP
AJZVZ
ALFXC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMKLP
AMXSW
AMYLF
AMYQR
ATHPR
AXYYD
AYFIA
BGNMA
CSCUP
DNIVK
DPUIP
EBLON
EIOEI
FERAY
FIGPU
FNLPD
GGCAI
GJIRD
IKXTQ
IWAJR
J-C
JZLTJ
KOV
LLZTM
M4Y
NPVJJ
NQJWS
O9J
PT4
RLLFE
ROL
RSV
SJYHP
SNE
SNPRN
SNX
SOHCF
SOJ
SPISZ
SRMVM
SSLCW
STPWE
TSG
UOJIU
UTJUX
UZXMN
VFIZW
ZMTXR
AAAVM
AARHV
AAYXX
AEBTG
CITATION
FINBP
FSGXE
H13
NU0
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c244t-abbf34b2aa81c4472ef9f703588e2b1621deb79416a625275c554b50cb5e47d23
IEDL.DBID RSV
ISICitedReferencesCount 0
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001610788700001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 2509-9507
IngestDate Sat Nov 29 06:52:16 EST 2025
Wed Nov 19 08:20:28 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed false
IsScholarly true
Issue 1
Keywords Research article abstracts
Rhetorical structure
Genre
ChatGPT
Metadiscourse
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c244t-abbf34b2aa81c4472ef9f703588e2b1621deb79416a625275c554b50cb5e47d23
ORCID 0000-0003-2943-987X
0000-0002-8336-8569
0000-0003-4649-781X
ParticipantIDs crossref_primary_10_1007_s41701_025_00210_8
springer_journals_10_1007_s41701_025_00210_8
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2026-12-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2026-12-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 12
  year: 2026
  text: 2026-12-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Cham
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Cham
PublicationSubtitle International Journal of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics
PublicationTitle Corpus pragmatics : international journal of corpus linguistics and pragmatics
PublicationTitleAbbrev Corpus Pragmatics
PublicationYear 2026
Publisher Springer International Publishing
Publisher_xml – name: Springer International Publishing
References G Levin (210_CR25) 2024
JE Casal (210_CR6) 2023; 2
CA Gao (210_CR10) 2023; 6
A Koubaa (210_CR23) 2023; 9
JM Swales (210_CR35) 2009
SI Hwang (210_CR12) 2023; 24
210_CR19
W Liao (210_CR27) 2023; 9
M Imran (210_CR18) 2023; 15
FK Jiang (210_CR20) 2017; 46
210_CR37
210_CR36
DAS El-Dakhs (210_CR8) 2018; 36
PD Pho (210_CR28) 2008; 10
S Herbold (210_CR11) 2023; 13
MBD Santos (210_CR32) 1996; 16
N Rashidi (210_CR30) 2018; 116
JM Swales (210_CR33) 1990
X Kong (210_CR22) 2024; 71
210_CR5
K Hyland (210_CR16) 2018; 51
VK Bhatia (210_CR3) 1993
K Hyland (210_CR13) 2000
MM Asad (210_CR2) 2024; 41
K Hyland (210_CR17) 2022; 265
AP Leong (210_CR24) 2023; 11
K Hyland (210_CR14) 2002
P Picazo-Sanchez (210_CR29) 2024; 54
JM Swales (210_CR34) 2004
M Khalifa (210_CR21) 2024
DAS El-Dakhs (210_CR9) 2018; 16
K Hyland (210_CR15) 2005
SL Cheng (210_CR7) 2023; 25
S Levine (210_CR26) 2024
S Ariyaratne (210_CR1) 2023; 110
E Sağtaş (210_CR31) 2025; 18
VK Bhatia (210_CR4) 1997; 16
References_xml – volume: 2
  issue: 3
  year: 2023
  ident: 210_CR6
  publication-title: Research Methods in Applied Linguistics
  doi: 10.1016/j.rmal.2023.100068
– volume: 46
  start-page: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: 210_CR20
  publication-title: English for Specific Purposes
  doi: 10.1016/j.esp.2016.11.001
– volume: 71
  year: 2024
  ident: 210_CR22
  publication-title: Journal of English for Academic Purposes
  doi: 10.1016/j.jeap.2024.101432
– volume: 265
  year: 2022
  ident: 210_CR17
  publication-title: Lingua
  doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103205
– year: 2024
  ident: 210_CR25
  publication-title: International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer
  doi: 10.1136/ijgc-2023-005162
– volume-title: Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing
  year: 2000
  ident: 210_CR13
– ident: 210_CR5
– volume: 15
  issue: 4
  year: 2023
  ident: 210_CR18
  publication-title: Contemporary Educational Technology
  doi: 10.30935/cedtech/13605
– volume: 16
  start-page: 481
  issue: 4
  year: 1996
  ident: 210_CR32
  publication-title: Text
  doi: 10.1515/text.1.1996.16.4.481
– volume: 41
  start-page: 490
  issue: 5
  year: 2024
  ident: 210_CR2
  publication-title: International Journal of Information and Learning Technology
  doi: 10.1108/IJILT-02-2024-0021
– volume: 54
  start-page: 4172
  year: 2024
  ident: 210_CR29
  publication-title: Applied Intelligence
  doi: 10.1007/s10489-024-05298-0
– volume: 9
  start-page: e48904
  issue: 1
  year: 2023
  ident: 210_CR27
  publication-title: JMIR Medical Education
  doi: 10.2196/48904
– volume-title: Research genres: Exploration and applications
  year: 2004
  ident: 210_CR34
  doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139524827
– volume: 6
  start-page: 75
  issue: 1
  year: 2023
  ident: 210_CR10
  publication-title: Npj Digital Medicine
  doi: 10.1038/s41746-023-00819-6
– volume: 24
  start-page: 952
  issue: 10
  year: 2023
  ident: 210_CR12
  publication-title: Korean Journal of Radiology
  doi: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0773
– volume-title: Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings
  year: 1990
  ident: 210_CR33
– year: 2024
  ident: 210_CR21
  publication-title: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update
  doi: 10.1016/j.cmpbup.2024.100145
– ident: 210_CR37
  doi: 10.3389/feduc.2025.1589004
– volume: 16
  start-page: 313
  issue: 3
  year: 1997
  ident: 210_CR4
  publication-title: World Englishes
  doi: 10.1111/1467-971X.00066
– volume: 11
  start-page: 99
  issue: 2
  year: 2023
  ident: 210_CR24
  publication-title: Explorations in English Language and Linguistics
  doi: 10.2478/exell-2023-0008
– volume: 9
  issue: 11
  year: 2023
  ident: 210_CR23
  publication-title: Heliyon
  doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21624
– volume: 25
  year: 2023
  ident: 210_CR7
  publication-title: Journal of Medical Internet Research
  doi: 10.2196/51229
– volume: 51
  start-page: 18
  year: 2018
  ident: 210_CR16
  publication-title: English for Specific Purposes
  doi: 10.1016/j.esp.2018.02.001
– volume-title: Abstracts and the writing of abstracts
  year: 2009
  ident: 210_CR35
  doi: 10.3998/mpub.309332
– volume: 16
  start-page: 47
  issue: 1
  year: 2018
  ident: 210_CR9
  publication-title: Research in Language
  doi: 10.2478/rela-2018-0002
– volume-title: Metadiscourse; Exploring interaction in writing
  year: 2005
  ident: 210_CR15
– volume: 18
  start-page: 3
  issue: 1
  year: 2025
  ident: 210_CR31
  publication-title: Pamukkale Medical Journal
  doi: 10.31362/patd.1487575
– volume: 10
  start-page: 231
  issue: 2
  year: 2008
  ident: 210_CR28
  publication-title: Discourse Studies
  doi: 10.1177/1461445607087010
– volume: 110
  start-page: 1213
  issue: 9
  year: 2023
  ident: 210_CR1
  publication-title: British Journal of Surgery
  doi: 10.1093/bjs/znad198
– volume: 13
  start-page: 18617
  issue: 1
  year: 2023
  ident: 210_CR11
  publication-title: Scientific Reports
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45644-9
– year: 2024
  ident: 210_CR26
  publication-title: Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy
  doi: 10.1002/jaal.1373
– volume: 116
  start-page: 1975
  year: 2018
  ident: 210_CR30
  publication-title: Scientometrics
  doi: 10.1007/s11192-018-2795-6
– volume-title: Teaching and researching writing
  year: 2002
  ident: 210_CR14
– ident: 210_CR36
  doi: 10.1080/23311983.2021.1970879
– volume: 36
  start-page: 48
  year: 2018
  ident: 210_CR8
  publication-title: Journal of English for Academic Purposes
  doi: 10.1016/j.jeap.2018.09.005
– ident: 210_CR19
  doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2405.13890
– volume-title: Analyzing genre: Language use in professional settings
  year: 1993
  ident: 210_CR3
SSID ssj0002314820
Score 2.3450398
Snippet Recent studies have pointed to detectible differences between academic writing produced by AI algorithms versus human authors. With the aim to shed further...
SourceID crossref
springer
SourceType Index Database
Publisher
SubjectTerms Computational Linguistics
Computer Appl. in Arts and Humanities
Linguistics
Original Paper
Pragmatics
Semantics
Social Sciences
Title A Genre-Based Comparison of Chat-GPT-Generated Abstracts Versus Human-Authored Abstracts: Focus on Applied Linguistics Research Articles
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41701-025-00210-8
Volume 10
WOSCitedRecordID wos001610788700001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVAVX
  databaseName: SpringerLINK Contemporary 1997-Present
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2509-9515
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0002314820
  issn: 2509-9507
  databaseCode: RSV
  dateStart: 20170301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://link.springer.com/search?facet-content-type=%22Journal%22
  providerName: Springer Nature
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3JTsMwELWgcODCvpRNPiAuYIkkTmNzKxUth6qqoKDeIm8RXBpUp3wDn83YWUQlhARnW87Insx7HttvELrQUcYjLkNyA-hHnOQ5YYFQhAngIpTGwkivMztMRiM2nfJx9SjM1rfd6yNJH6mbx27USYcTV37Vb1QIW0VrAHfMFWx4fHppMivAWCjzeowA75xwYDzVa5mfh1lGpOXjUI8y_a3_2beNNitWibulG-ygFTPbRYfDKhdp8SUeNvLJdg99dvHA-Q25AwzTuNfUIsR5hnuvoiCD8YSUitTASHFXuoSIKix26bWFxT71T1x6LZ9_b7_F_VxBO4xU0Vv4MBhRqkHj-ppfbajdR8_9-0nvgVQlGYgCHlAQIWUWURkKwQJFaRKajGcQNGLGTCiDThhoWFwOLE_AxipMYgV0RcY3SsaGJjqMDlBrls_MEcLUMK0M72RGROATmmeZDpxcmtAQR2TcRlf1sqTvpfJG2mgs-7lOYa5TP9cpa6PrelXS6i-0v3Q__lv3E7QRwma1vMZyilrFfGHO0Lr6KN7s_Ny73xcl4NRU
linkProvider Springer Nature
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3JTsMwELWgIMGFfSmrD4gLWGoSp7G5lYq2iFBVUBC3yHYcwaVBTco38NmMnUVUQkhwtuVYMxO_57HnGaGz2Eu4x6VLWoB-xEieE-YIRZgALkKpL7S0OrNhMByylxc-KovCsuq2e3UkaVfqutiNGulwYp5ftRsVwhbREgXEMor5D4_PdWYFGAtlVo8R4J0TDoynrJb5eZh5RJo_DrUo01v_3_w20FrJKnGnCINNtKAnW2gvLHORGT7HYS2fnG2jzw7um7gh14BhMe7WbxHiNMHdV5GT_mhMCkVqYKS4I01CROUZNum1WYZt6p-Y9Fo6_d5-hXupgnYYqaS38GGYRKEGjatrftVEsx301LsZdwekfJKBKOABORFSJh6VrhDMUZQGrk54AouGz5h2pdN2nRicy4HlCdhYuYGvgK5Iv6Wkr2kQu94uakzSid5HmGoWK83biRYexETMkyR2jFyaiGEdkX4TXVRuid4L5Y2o1li2to7A1pG1dcSa6LLySlT-hdkv3Q_-1v0UrQzG92EU3g7vDtGqCxvX4krLEWrk05k-RsvqI3_Lpic2FL8AIznXOA
linkToPdf http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1JSwMxFA5aRby471sO4kVDnZmMTbzVaqtYSsEqvQ1Z0Usrnam_wZ_tS2bBggjiOSETXt7kfW_7gtCpjiyPuAzJJVg_4ijPCQuEIkwAFqE0FkZ6ntluo9djwyHvf-vi99XuZUoy72lwLE2jrP6ubb1qfKOORpy4p1i900LYPFqgrpDe-etPL1WUBdALZZ6bEUw9JxzQT9E58_Mys9ZpNjXqLU579f97XUMrBdrEzVw91tGcGW2gnW4Ro0zxGe5WtMrpJvps4o7TJ3IDtk3jVvVGIR5b3HoVGen0ByRnqgakipvSBUpUlmIXdpum2KcEiAu7jSffx69xe6xgHFYqYC98GDaRs0Tjsvyv3Gi6hZ7bd4PWPSmeaiAK8EFGhJQ2ojIUggWK0kZoLLdwmcSMmVAGV2Gg4dA5oD8BDlfYiBXAGBlfKhkb2tBhtI1qo_HI7CJMDdPK8CtrRAS6orm1OnA0akLD_SLjPXReHlHynjNyJBX3spd1ArJOvKwTtocuyhNKir8z_WX6_t-mn6Cl_m076T70Hg_Qcgj-bF7pcohq2WRqjtCi-sje0smx18ovhnPgHA
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Genre-Based+Comparison+of+Chat-GPT-Generated+Abstracts+Versus+Human-Authored+Abstracts%3A+Focus+on+Applied+Linguistics+Research+Articles&rft.jtitle=Corpus+pragmatics+%3A+international+journal+of+corpus+linguistics+and+pragmatics&rft.au=El-Dakhs%2C+Dina+Abdel+Salam&rft.au=Afzaal%2C+Muhammed&rft.au=Siyanova-Chanturia%2C+Anna&rft.date=2026-12-01&rft.issn=2509-9507&rft.eissn=2509-9515&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs41701-025-00210-8&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1007_s41701_025_00210_8
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2509-9507&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2509-9507&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2509-9507&client=summon